BASIC CALCULUS
HNU - SHS - STEM
Calculus
Calculus (from Latin calculus, literally "small pebble
used for counting)
is the mathematical study of change, in the same way
that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the
study of operations and their application to solving
equations.
It has two major branches, differential calculus
(concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and
integral calculus (concerning accumulation of
quantities and the areas under and between curves);
these two branches are related to each other by the
fundamental theorem of calculus.
Real-life application
Among the disciplines that utilize calculus include
physics, engineering, economics, statistics, and
medicine.
It is used to create mathematical models in order to
arrive into an optimal solution. For example, in
physics, calculus is used in a lot of its concepts.
Among the physical concepts that use concepts of
calculus include motion, electricity, heat, light,
harmonics, acoustics, astronomy, and dynamics.
In fact, even advanced physics concepts including
electromagnetism and Einstein's theory of relativity
use calculus.
In the field of chemistry, calculus can be used to
predict functions such as reaction rates and
radioactive decay.
Meanwhile, in biology, it is utilized to formulate
rates such as birth and death rates.
In economics, calculus is used to compute marginal
cost and marginal revenue, enabling economists to
predict maximum profit in a specific setting.
In addition, it is used to check answers for different
mathematical disciplines such as statistics,
analytical geometry, and algebra.
Course content
Basic Calculus
Textbooks:
Basic Calculus: DIWA Senior High School
Series
Author:
Raymond B. Canlapan
Publisher:
DIWA Learning Systems Inc, Copyright 2017
TC 7
Author: Louis Leithold
Publisher:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1996
Limits of Functions
At the end of this module, the students will be
able to:
Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of
values and the graph of the
function.
and
Distinguish between
Illustrate the limit laws.
Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of
algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and
radical).
You cannot have calculus without limits!
Limits are needed to define differential
calculus and so every application of
differential equations assumes that the limits
defining the terms in the equations exist.
Limits are needed in integral calculus because
an integral is over some range of variables
and these form the limits in the integrations.
Real-life application of
limits
Given these two facts then every application
of calculus requires limits of one sort or
another.
Finding:
a) the strength of electric, magnetic or
gravitational fields.
b) the areas, forces, weights of objects
Review on Functions
Function
Function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers
(x, y) in which no two distinct ordered pairs
have the same first number.
The set of all admissible values of x is called
the domain of the function and the set of all
resulting values of y is called the range of the
function.
The symbols x and y denote variables. The
value of y is dependent on the choice of x, x
denotes the independent value of y is called
the range of the function.
Function
Function
Piecewise-defined
function
Split into two or more neat sub-rules on
separate subsets of the domain.
Since a function is essentially a set of pairs , it
can be appeared in different forms and they
can be represented in many ways such as
equations, words, table of values and graph.
Vertical line test
Graphs represent
function
Graph that does not represent
function
Limits of functions
x
0.25
3.5
1.75
6.5
0.5
1.5
0.75
0.9
4.5
4.8
0.999
4.98
4.99
8
4.999
0.9999
8
4.99998
0.99
0.99999
1.25
1.1
5.5
5.2
1.001
5.02
5.00
2
5.000
1.0001
2
5.00002
1.01
1.00001
Grap
h
Numerical representation of the limits of
the functions
The behavior of functions can also be
described using the concept of limits.
The limit of a function refers to the intended
value as x approaches a specific value.
Illustration1:
As the values of x come close
to 0.
Limits of functions
x
-0.1
-0.01
-0.001
-0.0001
0
x
0.256410
3
0.25062
7
0.2500
63
0.25000
6
0.25
0.25
0.0001
0.24999
0.001
0.24993
8
0.2493
0.01
0.1
77
0.2439
02
Illustration2:
As the values of x approaches
4.
Limits of functions
x
3.9
0.12658
3.99
0.12516
4.0001
3.999
0.1250
2
0.12500
4.001
3.9999
4
1
0.12
5
4.01
4.1
0.12
5
0.12499
8
0.12498
0.12484
0.1234
6
Definition of Limit of a Function
Let f be a function defined at every number in
some open interval containing c, except
possibly at the number c itself. If the value of f
is arbitrarily close to the number L for all the
values of x sufficiently close to c, then the
limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L. This is
written as
Approaching means an unlimited degree of
closeness that no other value stands between
f(x) and the limit.
Example1:
1. Evaluate
using table of values.
2. Evaluate the indicated limit using the graph:
3. Evaluate
values where
using graph and table of
Limit and Function value
The limit of a function as it approaches x = c
is not necessarily equal to its value at c. Thus,
can assume a value different
from f(c).
Note:
is NOT f(c).
It must be emphasized that
is
different from f(c). The former, if it exists,
gives the value that f(x) approaches as x gets
closer to c. It is not about what f(x) becomes
when x is c. That would be f(c).
Existence of a limit
The limit of a function as
exists if
f(c) is defined; or
F approaches the same value as x moves closer
to c from both directions.
Note:
If there is no single number to which the
values f(x) approach as x gets closer and
closer to c, therefore the required limit does
not exist or;
If f(x) approaches two or more values when
the independent variable approaches c, then
does not exists.
Example2:
1. Let
Determine if
exists (indicate that it
does not exist).
2. Using the graph of the function or table of
values, determine if
exists (or
indicate it does not exist), where
3. Let
Determine if
exists (or indicate
that it does not exist).
4. Evaluate the given limits numerically and
graphically. Determine if exists (or indicate that
it does not exist).
a
.
b
.
c.
5. Determine whether f(x) exist or does not
exist.
What have I learned so far?
Group yourselves
accordingly. Each group
consists of 3 members and
each member must get a
whole sheet of yellow paper.
Solve the following:
Example1:
1. Evaluate
the limit laws used.
2. Find
and indicate
Example2:
Given the
and
Direct Substitution of
Evaluating Limits
For all polynomial functions f, the value of
is equal to f(c).
If f(c) exists, then
Example1:
1. Find
2. Find
3. Evaluate
.
.
.
Factoring Method
When direct substitution of the constant c
gives an indeterminate number of the form
0/0, the limit can be evaluated by first
simplifying the rational function using
factoring, and then directly substituting c.
Example1:
Evaluate the following:
Rationalization Method
The function is converted to its equivalent for
so that the radical expression is rationalized.
Example1:
Evaluate the following:
Example2:
1.
2.
Example3:
3.
3.
Limits and Infinity
At the end of this module that students will be
able to:
Evaluate one sided limits.
Determine the limits of rational functions as
infinity or negative infinity when the limit does
not exist.
Evaluate the limits of functions at infinity.
Determine the asymptotes of the graphs of
rational functions using the limits (if these
asymptotes exist).
ONE SIDED LIMITS
Limits as x approaches c from either the left-
handor the right hand.
Right-hand limit (one-sided limit from the
right)
Left-hand limit (one-sided limit from the left)
Left-hand limit
Let the function f be defined on the open
interval (x,c) such that c > x. if f approaches
the number L as x approaches c within (x,c),
then L is called the left-hand limit of f at c.
This is written as
Right-hand limit
If function f is defined on the open interval
(c,x) such that c < x and it approaches the
number M as x approaches c within (c,x), then
M is called the right-hand limit of f at c. This is
written as
Illustration1:
Consider the function
Evaluate
Illustration2:
Refer to the given graph. Evaluate the
following:
Illustration3:
Consider the following function:
Evaluate
Illustration4:
Consider the following function:
Find the values of A and B so that
exists.
Example1:
Graph the sgn of x (signum function of x).
Find the limit
if it exist. If the limit
does not exist state the reason.
Example2:
Find the
if it exists.
Example3:
Let g be defined by
Find the
if it exists.
Example4:
Let h be defined by
Find each of the following limits if they exist:
Example5:
a. Sketch the graph.
b. Find, if they exist, each of the following
limits.
Example6:
a. Plot the graph of f and from the graph make
a conjecture regarding
b. Confirm analytically the conjecture in part a.
