Lecture 2 Feedback Amplifier

Introduction of Two-Port Network

Negative Feedback (Uni-lateral Case)
Feedback Topology
Analysis of feedback applications
Close-Loop Gain
Input/Output resistances

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

Two-Port Network (z-parameters)

(Open-Circuit Impedance)
I

z
1

zI +

+ z21I1

At port 1
Open-circuit
input impedance

I1
I
2

V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2

V2 z 21 I1 z 22 I 2

At port 2
V
z11 1
I1 I 2 0

Open-circuit reverse z V1
12
I 2 I1 0
transimpedance

Ref:080130

z12
z 22

22

11

12 2

V1 z11
V z
2 21

Open-circuit forward z V2
21
I1 I 2 0
transimpedance
Open-circuit
output impedance

EE3110 Feedback Amp

z 22

V2
I 2 I1 0

Two-Port Network (y-parameters)

(Short-Circuit Admittance)
I

1/y
1

1/y

11

yV
12

yV
21

22

V1
V
2

I1 y11V1 y12V2

I 2 y21V1 y22V2

At port 2

I
y11 1
V1 V2 0

Short-circuit reverse y I1
12
V2 V1 0
transadmittance

Ref:080130

y12
y22

At port 1
Short-circuit
input admittance

I1 y11
I y
2 21

Short-circuit forward y I 2
21
V1 V2 0
transadmittance
Short-circuit
output admittance

EE3110 Feedback Amp

y22

I2
V2 V1 0

Two-Port Network (h-parameters)

(hybrid)
I2

I1
+

1/h22

h11

V1

h12V2 +

h21I1

At port 1
Short-circuit
input impedance

h12
h22

V2

V1 h11 I1 h12V2

I 2 h21 I1 h22V2

I1
V
2

At port 2

V
h11 1
I1 V2 0

Open-circuit reverse h V1
12
V2 I1 0
voltage gain

Ref:080130

V1 h11
I h
2 21

Short-circuit forward h I 2
21
I1 V2 0
current gain
Open-circuit
output admittance

EE3110 Feedback Amp

h22

I2
V2 I1 0

Two-Port Network (g-parameters)

(inverse-hybrid)
I1

I2

g22

1/g11

V1

g12I2

+ g21V1

At port 1
Open-circuit
input admittance

V2

g12
g 22

V1
I
2

I1 g11V1 g12 I 2

V2 g 21V1 g 22 I 2

At port 2

I
g11 1
V1 I 2 0

Short-circuit reverse g I1
12
I 2 V1 0
current gain

Ref:080130

I1 g11
V g
2 21

Open-circuit forward g V2
21
V1 I 2 0
current gain
Short-circuit
output impedance

EE3110 Feedback Amp

g 22

V2
I 2 V1 0

z-parameter example
I

I1

Z11 6 Z 22 6

V1

I2
+

12

V2

Z11 12 Z 22 3

I1
+

V1

I2

12

V2

Z11 18 Z 22 9

Z12

V1
6
I 2 I1 0

Z12

V1
0
I 2 I1 0

Z12

V1
6I
2 6
I 2 I1 0 I 2

Z 21

V2
6
I1 I 2 0

Z 21

V2
0
I1 I 2 0

Z 21

V2
6I
1 6
I1 I 2 0 I 1

6 6

12 0

0 3

18 6

6 6

Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z12 = Z21 (reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22 (symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

y-parameter example
I
+

0.05S

y11 0.05S y22 0.05S

y12

I1
0.05V2

0.05S
V2 V1 0
V2

y21

I2
0.05V1

0.05S
V1 V2 0
V1

0.05 0.05
y

0.05 0.05

0.1S

0.2S

0.025S

1
1

y11

0.1 0.2 0.025

1
1

y22

0.2 0.1 0.025

0.0692S
0.0769S

I1
V2 V1 0

y12

But I 2 y22V2 0.0769V2

I1 I 2 I 1

0.1 0.025
I1 0.8I 2 0.0615V2
y12 0.0615S
By reciprocal, y21 y12 0.0615S
0.0692 0.0615

0.0615 0.0769

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

y-parameter example (Cont)

0.05S

y11 0.05 0.692 0.1192

y22 0.05 0.769 0.1269
y21 y12

I1
V2 V1 0

V1

0.05
I 0.05 S
I 2 0.05V2
0.1269
I 0.2 S I 2 I 0.05 S 0.0769V2
0.1
0.0769V2 0.0615V2
0.1 0.025
I1 0.0615V2 0.05V2 0.1115V2
I 0.1S

y12 0.1115 y21

0.1192 0.1115

0.1115 0.1269

Ref:080130

0.1S

I 2 y22V2 0.1269V2

I1

0.025S

I2

0.2S

V2

Note: the y-matrix is equal to

the sum of two former ones.
Therefore, y-parameters is
normally used in analysis of
shunt-shunt circuits
What connection should be for hor g- parameters?

EE3110 Feedback Amp

General Feedback Structure

Source

Vs +

V
-

A : Open Loop Gain

A = Vo / V

Load

: feedback factor
= Vf / Vo

Vf

V Vs V f
V f Vo

Close loop gain : ACL

Vo
A
1 T

(
)
Vs 1 A 1 T

V VS Vo

Loop Gain : T A
Amount of feedback : 1 A

Vo A V

Note : ACL

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

Negative Feedback Properties

Negative feedback takes a sample of the output signal and applies

it to the input to get several desirable properties. In amplifiers,
negative feedback can be applied to get the following properties
Desensitized gain : gain less sensitive to circuit component
variations
Reduce nonlinear distortion : output proportional to input
(constant gain independent of signal level)
Reduce effect of noise
Control input and output impedances by applying appropriate
feedback topologies
Extend bandwidth of amplifier

All of these properties can be achieved by trading off gain

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

10

Gain De-sensitivity

Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the

basic amplifiler.
Assume is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation
gives,
ACL

A
1 A

Differential respected with A

dACL
1
dA

or
dA

CL
dA
(1 A ) 2
(1 A ) 2

Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

dACL
dA
(1 A )
1 dA

ACL (1 A ) 2
A
1 A A

This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the

feedback amount.
(1+A) is also called the desensitivity amount.

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

11

Basic Feedback Topologies

Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified
and form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier
category, one of four types of feedback structures should be used.
(Type of Feedback)

(Type of Sensing)

(1) Series (Voltage)

Shunt (Voltage)

(2) Series (Voltage)

Series (Current)

(3) Shunt (Current)

Shunt (Voltage)

(4) Shunt (Current)

Series (Current)

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

12

Feedback Structure (Series-Shunt)

Basic amplifier

ri

Vi

+
AV

Feedback network

Vo A V
V f Vo
Vo
Vo
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
V
1 T
ACL o (
)
Vi 1 T

Vi V V f

+
Vf=Vo

Voltage Gain Calculation:

Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled

voltage source
Requires high input impedance, low
output impedance
Voltage-voltage feedback

Ref:080130

where T A
And, we get
V A
Vo i
1 A
Vi V (1 A )

EE3110 Feedback Amp

13

Input/Output Resistance (SeriesShunt)

Input Resistance:

Vi
Rin
Ii
Vi (1 T ) V
V
Vi
Ii
ri (1 T ) ri
Rin

Vi
(1 T ) ri
Ii

Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)

Rout |Vi 0

Vo A V
Io
ro

ro
+ AV

Io
+

Vo

V Vo Vi 0
V Vo
Vo A Vo
Io
ro
Rout

Ref:080130

Vo
Io

Vo
ro
r

o
Io 1 A 1 T

EE3110 Feedback Amp

14

h-parameter Modeling
I1
zs

h11a
h12aV2 + h21aI1

1/h22a

Only uni-lateral case

will be considered :

1/yL

h11f

h21f I1

h12f V2 +

1/h22f

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

(1) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
amplifier network.
|h12a| = 0
(2) NO reverse
dependent signal
found in the
feedback network. |
h21f| = 0

15

I1
zs

1/h22a

h11a

1/h22f

h21aI1
1

1/yL

Uni-lateral

From Input port : V1 (h11a h11 f Z s ) I1 h12 f V2

h11f
h12f V2 +

From output port : (h22 a h22 f YL )V2 h21a I1 0

Put V2

h21a I1
back to first equation,
(h22 a h22 f YL )

For h12 f 0, the Open Loop Gain,

A

h21a
h
V2

21a
V1 (h11a h11 f Z s )(h22 a h22 f YL ) zi yo

where zi h11a h11 f Z s and yo h22 a h22 f YL

With the feedback f h12 f , the Closed Loop Gain is

Ref:080130

h21a
zi yo
h21a
A
ACL

h21a h12 f
1 A
zi yo h21a h12 f
1
zi yo

EE3110 Feedback Amp

16

Series-Shunt Example
Given : A 105 , R1 1k, R2 9k, r 10M and ro 40

Vi

V
Vf

Vo

Vi

Amplifier

+
V r r

Vo

AV

Vf
It is observed that:
(1) Series connection in input ports
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
Series-Shunt connection
h-parameter should be used.

Ref:080130

R1

Vo

R2
Feedback

Equivalent circuit

EE3110 Feedback Amp

17

h-parameter analysis
V1

I1
R2

V2 h11 f V1

I1 V2 0

R1

h12 f
h22 f

h
12f

Ref:080130

R1 R2
0.9
R1 R2

V1
I 2 R1
R1

0 .1
V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2

I2
I2
1
1

V2 I1 0 I 2 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2 10k

11f

h V

R1 // R2

22f

EE3110 Feedback Amp

18

Firstly, set h12 f 0 for open loop circuit and

from the input port,

r
~ V1
r h
11 f
from output port,
V V1

V2 AV
h22 f V2 0
ro
by putting V1 V and h22 f

1
, we get
R1 R2

I1
+

r V

AV

1/h22f

h11f
h12f V2

1
1
AV1

V2

ro
ro R1 R2
Therefore, the open loop voltage gain is
A OP

V2 A( R1 R2 )

~ A 105
V1 r0 R1 R2

And the close loop voltage gain,

A CL

AOP
105

~ 10
5
1 AOP 1 (10 )(0.1)

Ref:080130

The input impedance,

R in (1 AOP )(h11 f r )
The output impedance,
ro //(1 / h22 f )
R out
0
1 AOP

EE3110 Feedback Amp

19

Feedback Structure (Series-Series)

Basic amplifier

Ii

AV

Vi

Gain Calculation :
I o A V

ri

V f Io

ro
V

Vf=Io +

Feedback network

Ref:080130

Io
Io
A
(Close Loop Transadmit tance Gain)
I
1 T
ACL o (
)
Vi 1 T

Vi V V f

where T A
And, we get
V A
Io i
1 A
Vi V (1 A )

EE3110 Feedback Amp

20

Input/Output Resistance (SeriesSeries)

Input Resistance:

Rin

Vi
Ii
(1 T ) V
Ii

(1 T ) ri

Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)

Rout |Vi 0

Vo
Io

from input port,

V V f I o
from output port,
I o AV
Rout

Ref:080130

Vo
V
T I o o
ro
ro

Vo
(1 T )ro
Io

EE3110 Feedback Amp

21

Series-Series Example
+VCC
R1

B
+

RC

vo

vs
R2

vs

R1//R2
RE

RE

RC

vo

Feedback network

CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter

Ref:080130

ac small signal equivalent circuit

EE3110 Feedback Amp

22

Feedback Network with z-parameter

I1

I2

V1

RE

V2

r v

+
vs
z11 f

v1
RE
i1 i2 0

Z12 f
Z 22 f

v
2
RE
i2 i1 0

gv

11f

z i +

22f

12f o

v1
RE
i2 i1 0

Ref:080130

Reduce equivalent circuit

EE3110 Feedback Amp

23

Close loop analysis

r
r Z
11 f

vs and io gv

Then open loop transadmittance gain is Aop

io
rg

vs r RE

Therefore,
r g
Aop
r RE
r g
The close loop transadmittance gain is ACL

1 Aop 1 r gRE
r RE r gRE
r RE
Input impedance is :

r gR
R in (r z11 f )(1 AOL ) (r RE ) 1 E
(r RE )

(r RE ) gr RE
Output impedance is :
R out [( z 22 f )(1 AOL )]

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

24

Final Rin and Rout

i

r v

vs

R1//R2

gv

11f

z i +

RC

22f

12f o

R'in

Rin

Rout

R'out

R'in R in // R1 // R2

R'out R out // RC

[(r RE ) gr RE ] // R1 // R2

[( z 22 f )(1 AOP )] // RC

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

25

Feedback Structure (Shunt-Shunt)

Gain Calculation :
Vo A I A( I i I f )

Basic amplifier

Ii

Vi

I
ri

ro
+
AI

If= Vo
Feedback network

Ref:080130

Vo

I f Vo
A( I i Vo ) Vo
AI i (1 T )Vo
(Close Loop Transimpedance Gain)
V
1 T
ACL o (
)
Ii 1 T
where T A
And, we get
I A
Vo i
1 A
I i I (1 A )

EE3110 Feedback Amp

26

Input/Output Resistance (ShuntShunt)

Input Resistance:

V
Rin i
Ii

I ri
I (1 T )

ri
(1 T )

Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)

Rout |Vi 0

from input port,

I I f Vo
from output port,
Io

Vo AI Vo TVo

ro
ro

Rout

Ref:080130

Vo
Io

Vo
ro

I o (1 T )

EE3110 Feedback Amp

27

Shunt-Shunt Example
Vcc

RF

RC

Vs +

+
V r

gV

Rc

RL

C2

RS

vS +

Rs

C1

CE amplifier

RL

RF

ac small signal equivalent circuit

Shunt-Shunt connection found! y-parameter

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

28

Vo

I1
I1 y11V1 y12V2

I2
RF

V1

V2

I 2 y21V1 y22V2
Feedback Network

I1
1
y11

V1 V2 0 RF
I
I
1
y12 1
2
V2 V1 0 V 2
RF
I2
1
y22

V2 V1 0 RF

I2

I1
V1 RF

1/RFVo
RF
y-parameter modeling

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

29

From input port,

V I S ( RF // r )
V
IS
( RF // r )

RF

Rin
Vo
IS

AOP gV ( RF // RC // RL )( RF // r )
1
,
RF

the close loop transimpedance gain :

Ref:080130

RC//RL

1/RF EVo

Open loop tranimpedance gain :

AOP
1 AOP

RF

Vo gV ( RF // RC // RL )

With feedback factor

Vo

gV

Is

And from output port,

Vo
gV 0
RF // RC // RL

ACL

+
V

( RF // r )
(1 AOP )

Rout

ri
(1 AOP )

ro
(1 AOP )

( RF // RC // RL )
(1 AOP )

Vo
Vo
Voltage Gain :
Vs I s ( Rs Rin )

EE3110 Feedback Amp

30

Feedback Structure (Shunt-Series)

Basic amplifier

Ii

I
ri

I
ro

AI

Gain Calculation :
I o A I A( I i I f )
I f Io
A( I i I o ) I o
AI i (1 T ) I o
(Close Loop Current Gain)
I
1 T
ACL o (
)
Ii 1 T

If= Io

where T A

Feedback network

Ref:080130

And, we get
I A
Io i
1 A
I i I (1 A )

EE3110 Feedback Amp

31

Input/Output Resistance (ShuntSeries)

Input Resistance:

Output Resistance

V I r
Rin i i
Ii
Ii

(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)

Ii
ri
(1 T )

Ii
ri

(1 T )

Rout |Vi 0

Vo
Io

from input port,

I I f I o
from output port, I o Vo / ro AI
Vo ( I o AI )ro
Vo ( I o T I o )ro
Rout

Ref:080130

Vo
(1 T )ro
Io

EE3110 Feedback Amp

32

Summary
Feedback
Structure

SeriesShunt

Close loop
Input
Output
gain
impedance impedance

Parameter
used

Vo 1 T
(
) Rin (1 T ) ri R ro
out
Vi 1 T
1 T

h-parameter

SeriesSeries

Io 1 T
(
) Rin (1 T ) ri Rout (1 T ) ro z-parameter
Vi 1 T

ShuntShun

Vo 1 T
(
)
Ii 1 T

Rin

ShuntSeries

Io 1 T
(
)
Ii 1 T

ri
Rin
1 T

Ref:080130

ri
1 T

Rout

ro

1 T

y-parameter

Rout (1 T ) ro g-parameter

EE3110 Feedback Amp

33

Supplementary
+VCC
R1

RC

vs
RE

R1 100
vo

RC 1k
RE 2k

200
r 10k

Find the input and output resistance from

- Two port network, and
- Circuit theory

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

34

Circuit Theory
Rin R1 // R where
but ib

vs
ib

vs v E
v
and E ib ( 1)
r
RE

vs ib r vE ib [r ( 1) RE ]
Rin R1 //[ r ( 1) RE ] ~ 100

vs

ib
R1

ib
vE

vo
RC

RE

To find Rout , vs 0 ib 0
Rout RC 1k

Ref:080130

EE3110 Feedback Amp

35

Two Port Network

z11 f

v1
RE
i1 i2 0

Z12 f

v1
RE
i2 i1 0

Z 22 f

vs

ib
r

vo

RE

v2

RE
i2 i1 0
RE

RE

Ref:080130

ib

RE

+
RE i2

EE3110 Feedback Amp

36

The Open Loop Transadmit tance Gain is found by setting feedback signal 0
vs ib (r RE )
io ib
AOL

io
ib

vs ib (r RE ) (r RE )

Rin (r RE ) 1
RE
(r RE )

Rout

RE 1
RE
(r RE )

Rin Rin // R1 ~ R1 100

Rout // RC ~ RC 1k
Rout

Ref:080130

vs

ib

vo
r

R1

RE

ib

RC

RE

+
RE i o

R'in

Rin

EE3110 Feedback Amp

Rout

R'out

37