PROBLEM 2-9

PROBLEM 2-9

 Question:

Compare the net works, Btu/lbm, and

efficiencies of two ideal saturated Rankine
cycles using Freon-12 as a working fluid and
operating between 200 and 72⁰F. One cycle
has no feed heaters and the other has one
open-type feed heater placed optimally. Why
is feed heating not usually resorted to in such
cycles?
 CASE 1 (no feedwater heaters)
 Schematic Diagram

T
B

2
S.G.

3
4
P
 CASE 1
 T-s diagram (ideal Rankine cycle)

B 1

3 2
 CASE 1
 Given:
Ti  200 F
Tc  72 F

 Find:

W net
th
 CASE 1
 Solution:
W net  W T  W P
W net  (h1  h2 )  (h4  h3 )  (h1  h2 )  v4 ( P4  P3 ) J
W net W net
th  
qA (h1  h4 )

(from TABLE B-1)

P1  430.09 psia
T1  Ti  200 F :
Btu
(saturated vapor) h1  hg  91.278
lbm
Btu
s1  s g  0.15651
lbm  R

T2  Tc  72 F P2  87.559 psia

Btu
: s2  s f  x2 ( s fg )
s2  s1  0.15651 0.15651  0.051338  x2 (0.16425  0.051338)
lbm  R
x2  0.93
 CASE 1
h2  h f  x2 (h fg )
h2  24.511  0.93(60.035)
Btu
h2  80.34
lbm
Btu
: P3  P2  87.559 psia s3  s f  0.051338
T3  T2  72F lbm  R
(saturated liquid) Btu
h3  h f  24.511 ft 3
lbm v3  v f  0.012126
lbm

Btu W P  h4  h3  v3 ( P4  P3 ) J
s4  s3  0.051338 :
lbm  R  144 
P4  P1  430.09 psia h4  24.511  (0.012126)(430.09  87.559)  
 778.16 
Btu
h4  25.279
lbm
 CASE 1
Btu
W P  h4  h3  25.279  24.511  0.768
lbm
Btu
W T  h1  h2  91.278  80.34  10.938
lbm
Btu
W net  W T  W P  10.938  0.768  10.17
lbm
Btu
q A  h1  h4  91.278  25.279  65.999
lbm
W net 10.17
th    0.1541
qA 65.999

Btu
W net  10.17
ANSWER(S): lbm
th  15.41%
CASE 2 (w/ one open-type feedwater heater)
 Schematic Diagram

T
B
2
3
S.G.

4
7 5
P2 6 P1
FWH
 CASE 2
 T-s diagram (ideal Rankine cycle)

B 1

6 2

4 3
 CASE 2
 Given:
Ti  200 F
Tc  72 F
n 1
 Find:

W net
th
 CASE 2
 Solution:
W net  W T  W P
W T  (h1  h2 )  (1  m 2 )(h2  h3 )
W  (1  m )(h  h )  (h  h )
P 2 5 4 7 6

  (1  m 2 )(v4 ( P5  P4 ))  v6 ( P7  P6 )  J

W net W net
th  
qA (h1  h7 )

Ti  Tc 200  72
Topt    64 F
n 1 11
(from TABLE B-1)
P1  430.09 psia
T1  Ti  200 F:
(saturated vapor) Btu
h1  hg  91.278
lbm
Btu
s1  sg  0.15651
lbm  R
 CASE 2
T2  Tc  Topt  72  64  136 F P2  210.79 psia
:
Btu s2  s f  x2 ( s fg )
s2  s1  0.15651
lbm  R 0.15651  0.078489  x2 (0.16177  0.078489)
(saturated) x2  0.937
h2  h f  x2 (h fg )
h2  40.110  0.937(49.608)
Btu
h2  86.59
lbm

T3  Tc  72 F : P3  87.559 psia

s3  s f  x3 ( s fg )
Btu
s3  s1  0.15651 0.15651  0.051338  x3 (0.16425  0.051338)
lbm  R
x3  0.93
h3  h f  x3 (h fg )
h3  24.511  0.93(60.035)
Btu
h3  80.34
lbm
 CASE 2
Btu
T4  T3  72 F : s4  s f  0.051338
lbm  R
P4  P3  87.559 psia
Btu
(saturated liquid) h4  h f  24.511
lbm
ft 3
v4  v f  0.012126
lbm

Btu W P1  h5  h4  v4 ( P5  P4 ) J
s5  s4  0.051338
lbm  R:  144 
h5  24.511  (0.012126)(210.79  87.559)  
P5  P2  210.79 psia  778.16 
Btu
h5  24.778
lbm

T6  T2  136 F Btu
s6  s f  0.078489
P6  P2  210.79 psia
: lbm  R
Btu
h6  h f  40.110
lbm
ft 3
v6  v f  0.013623
lbm
 CASE 2
Btu W P2  h7  h6  v6 ( P7  P6 ) J
s6  s7  0.051338
lbm :R
 144 
P6  P1  430.09 psia h7  40.110  (0.013623)(430.09  210.79)  
 778.16 
Btu
h7  40.663
lbm

(from the energy balance done for the open-type feedwater heater)

m 2 (h2  h6 )  (1  m 2 )(h6  h5 )
m 2 (86.59  24.788)  (1  m 2 )(40.110  24.788)
m 2  0.248

Btu
W P1  (1  m 2 )(h5  h4 )  (1  0.248)(24.788  24.511)  0.208
lbm
Btu
W P2  h7  h6  40.663  40.110  0.553
lbm
Btu
W P  W P1  W P2  0.208  0.553  0.761
lbm
 CASE 2
W T  (h1  h2 )  (1  m 2 )((h2  h3 )

 (91.278  86.59)  (1  0.248)(86.59  80.34)

Btu`
 9.388
lbm
Btu
W net  W T  W P  9.388  0.761  8.627
lbm
Btu
q A  h1  h7  91.278  40.663  50.615
lbm
W net 8.627
th    0.1704
q A 50.615

Btu
W net  8.627
ANSWER(S): lbm
th  17.04%
 Summary

CASE 1:
Btu
Wnet  10.17

lbm
th  15.41%

CASE 2:
Btu
Wnet  8.627

lbm
th  17.04%
PROBLEM 8-9
 PROBLEM 8-9

 Question:

A simple Brayton cycle without regeneration, intercooling

or reheat has compressor and turbine pressure ratios of
9.286 and 8.276, polytropic efficiencies of 0.862 and
0.904, and minimum and maximum temperatures of 40
and 2040°F. Air enters the compressor at the rate of 6(106)
lbm/h. The combustion gases correspond to 400 percent
theoretical air. Find the net cycle power, in megawatts, and
cycle efficiency using (a) a constant specific heat of 0.24
Btu/lbm · °R and constant k=1.4, and (b) the gas tables. The
molecular weight of the combustion gases=28.925. The
ratio of products to air by mass=1.0168.
 PROBLEM 8-9
 Schematic Diagram

2 3
R

C T
B

1 4

HE
 PROBLEM 8-9
 T-s diagram
 PROBLEM 8-9
 Given:
rp ,C  9.28 T1  40 F  500 R
rp ,T  8.276 T3  2040 F  2500 R
C  0.862 m air  6(106 )lbm / hr
T  0.904 400% theoretical air
product to air ratio  1.0168
M gas  28.925
 Find:

W net in MW
Btu
cy using cP  0.24 and k  1.4
lbm  R
cy using the gas table
 (a) using given cP and k
 Solution:
W net  (1.0168)m air cP (T3  T4 )  m air cP (T2  T1 )
W net W net
cy  
qA (1.0168)m air cP (T3  T2 )

Compressor:

P2
rp ,C   9.286
P1 T2 s  T1
( k -1) C 
T2 s T2  T1
 rp ,C k
T2 75.61  40
0.862 
T2 s (1.4 1) T2  40
 (9.286) 1.4 T2  81.31 F  541.31 R
40
T2 s  75.61 F  535.61 R
 (a) using given cP and k
Turbine:
( k -1)
T3
 rp ,T k
T4 s
(1.4 1)
2040
 8.2760 1.4
T4 s
T4 s  1114.64 F  1574.64 R
T3 - T4
T 
T3 - T4 s
2040  T4
0.9011 
2040  1114.64
T4  1203.47 F  1663.47 R
W net  (1.0168)m air cP (T3  T4 )  m air cP (T2  T1 )
 (6(106 ))(0.24){[1.0168(2040  1203.47)]  (81.31  40)}
Btu
 1 165 354 134
hr
 (a) using given cP and k
 1 
Wnet  1 165 354 134 

6 
 341.53 MW
 3.414(10 ) 
q A  (1.0168) m air cP (T3  T2 )
 (1.0168)(6(106 ))(0.24)(2040 - 81.31)
Btu
 2 869 865 280
hr
Wnet 1 165 354 134
cy    0.406
qA 2 869 865 280

W net  341.53 MW
ANSWER(S):
cy  40.6%
 (b) using gas table
 Solution:
W net  1.0168m air (h3  h4 )  m air (h2  h1 )
W net W net
cy  
q A 1.0168m air (h3  h2 )

Compressor

Pr1  1.0590
T1  500 R :
Btu
(from TABLE I-1) h1  11948
lbm
Pr2 Pr2
  9.286
Pr1 1.0590
Pr2  9.8338
Btu
h2 s  226.11
lbm
 (b) using gas table
h2 s  h1
C 
h2  h1
226.11  119.48
0.862 
h2  119.48
Btu
h2  243.18
lbm

Turbine:

Pr3 Pr3  494.9

 8.276
Pr4 Btu
: h3  19121.4
T3  2500 R lbm  mol
400% theoretical air Pr3 494.9
(from TABLE I-3)   8.276
Pr4 Pr4
Pr4  59.8
 (b) using gas table
Btu
h4, s  10875.6
lbm  mol
h3 19121.4 Btu
h3    661.07
M gas 28.925 lbm
h4 10875.6 Btu
h4 s    376
M gas 28.925 lbm
h3  h4
T 
h3  h4 s
661.07  h4
0.9011 
661.07  376
Btu
h4  403.37
lbm
W net  1.0168m air (h3  h4 )  m air ( h2  h1 )
 (6(106 ))[1.0168(661.07  403.37)  (243.18  226.11)]
Btu
 829 976 160
hr
 (b) using gas table
 1 
W net  829 976 160  6 
 243.24 MW
 3.414(10 ) 
q A  1.0168m air (h3  h2 )
 1.0168(6(106 ))(661.07  243.18
Btu
 2 573 975 856
hr
W net 829 976 160
cy    0.32
qA 2 573 975 856

W net  243.24 MW
ANSWER(S):
cy  32%
 Summary

(a)
W net  341.53 MW
cy  40.6%

(b)
W net  243.24 MW
cy  32%