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PARTICULATE
POLLUTANTS
Summary of particulate emission
2
Emission Control Technology
First phase understanding types of
air pollutants and source of their
emission.
2nd phase - control of emission of
various types of pollutants
5
AIR PARTICULATE MATTERS
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PARTICLE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS
TWO TYPES
WALL COLLECTION DEVICES (all functions by driving
the particles to a solid wall)
Settling Chambers
Cyclone separators
Electrostatic separators
DIVIDING COLLECTION DEVICES (Filters and
scrubbers divide the flow into smaller parts where
they can collect the particles)
- Filtration
- Wet Scrubbers
8
There are many different design
types
For large particulates (>5m)
Gravity settling chamber
Centrifugal separators (Cyclone
separators)
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Settling Chamber
12
Settling Chambers
13
Terminal Settling Velocity
As the name implies, this category of control
devices relies upon gravity settling to remove
particles from the gas stream.
Gravity settling chambers are used only for very
large particles in the upper end of the
supercoarse size range (approximately 75
micrometers and larger).
The very low terminal settling velocities of most
particles encountered in the field of air pollution
limit the usefulness of gravity settling chambers
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Terminal velocity
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Stokes law
Drag Buoyant
force force
Gravity force
Stokes law - terminal or settling velocity
Fd = 3dVt
Therefore, Vt = gd2((part.-fluid)/(18))
Gravity Settling Chambers
H Width, W
L
vv = gd2 ( p- f) ,
18
L/ vh is the time taken to travel through a distance L
And H/ vv is the time taken to fall through a distance H
If L/ vh = H/ vv , the particles of terminal velocity vt will be collected, I.e,
particle of diameter d, where d2 = 18 vh
g ( p - f)
d2 = 18 vhH
g L( p- f) , since vt= vhH/L 18
Efficiency Of Settling Chamber
Dirty gas in Clean gas
Q/s= WHvh out
H
L
Width = W
Time taken for particles to move through a distance L, t h = L/vh
Time taken for particles to fall through a distance H, t v= H/vt
If L/vh > H/vt, particles will not be collected,
L/vht < H/vt, particle of a diameter will be collected.
If L/vh = H/vt, particle of a diameter d will be collected.
Also, vertical settling distance= vt x L/vh; if this distance is greater than H, particle will reach the
floor,
Efficiency = = wt of material collected x 100 % = Vt x W x L x 100 %
amount (wt) entering Q
= Vt x W x L x 100 % = Vt L . 100
vh x W x H Vh H
If the chamber is divided by a horizontal plate the height fall for the particle = H/2. With N plates,
the height fall becomes H/(N + 1) and the efficiency becomes:
= (N + 1) vt WL/Q x 100 %
19
Efficiency of a Settling Chamber
The size of collector and its cost are directly proportional to the gas
quantity being expressed volumetrically, Q, where Q is the flow of gas ,
m3s-1
Q = WHvh and vh = Q WH
The efficiency is calculated by:
% = wt of dust collected x 100
wt of dust coming in
= WL vt100 (i)
WH vh
= L vt100 (ii)
H vh
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Efficiency based on Blocks flow model
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Types of Electrostatic Precipitators
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Figure 9 shows the scale of a typical electrostatic precipitator
used at a coal-fired boiler.
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3 Main Styles of Electrostatic
Precipitators:
Negatively charged dry precipitators most
common, frequently used on large applications
such as coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, and kraft
pulp mills.
Negatively charged wetted-wall precipitators-
(sometimes called wet precipitators) are often
used to collect mist and/or solid material that is
moderately sticky.
Positively charged two-stage precipitators- used
only for the removal of mists.
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ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
(Cottrell precipitators)
Principle: charge the particles, use electrostatic force
to attract them to wall
V applied voltage
Field strength , E
x distance
40 kV kV
e.g . 400
0.1 m m
MV
Higher at the wire, because of geometry (5 10 )
m
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Figure 9.7 de Nevers
Sketch of ESP
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ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
(Cottrell precipitators)
Note similarities of geometry between settling
chamber and ESP.
H : the height through which particles must travel, at
right angles to gas flow, before hitting wall
L : distance travelled by gas in the collection device.
The H will be smaller in ESP, the velocity of particles
much higher because of the electrostatic force.
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Corona discharge at the wire: electrons collide with
gas molecules, knock out electrons, positively
charged gas ions migrate to wire and discharge
particles
Field charging away from the wire: as electrons fly
towards wall, they collide with particles in their path
and are captured by particles, negatively charged
particles attracted to wall and discharge there.
Diffusion charging: for particles smaller than ~0.15
m, the interaction with electrons can be significantly
due to their random motion as a result of electron-
gas molecule collisions
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Maximum charge on particles:
2
q 3 0 D E0
2
q : charge, coulombs
: dielectric constant relative to free space
C
0 : 8.85E 12 for free space
V .m
air :1.0006, particles : 4 6
D : particle diameter , m
E0 : local field strength , V / m
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Drift velocity
(I.e. terminal settling velocity under electrostatic force)
Force on particle: F = qE
2
F 3 0 D E0 E p
2
2
D 0 E
2
w
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Collection efficiency
wA
Block flow:
Q
i.e. for gravity settling we wrote :
vt L
block
HVavg
Q
replace Vavg with , Lh with A
H .h
Mixed flow:
wA
mixed 1 exp( ) Deutsch Andersen equation
Q
k
wA
mixed 1 exp modified D A , k ~ 0.5
Q
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ESP Performance and cake
resistivity
High resistivity ash:
- large Vcake , small Vwire, poor charging, low
- electron flow within cake, back corona
Low resistivity ash:
- small Vcake , weak attraction to collection
plate, re-entrainment
37
Figure 9.10 de Nevers
Voltage-
distance
relation for
different ash
resistivities
38
Figure 9.9 de Nevers
ESP collection
efficiency for coal of
differeent S content
39
Advantages and Disadvantages of ESPs
Electrostatic precipitators can have very high efficiencies due to the
strong electrical forces applied to the small particles. These types of
collectors can be used when the gas stream is not explosive and
does not contain entrained droplets or other sticky material.
The composition of the particulate matter is very important because it
influences the electrical conductivity within the dust layers on the
collection plate.
Resistivity, an important concept associated with electrostatic
precipitators, is a measure of the ability of the particulate matter to
conduct electricity and is expressed in units of ohm-cm.
As the resistivity increases, the ability of the particulate matter to
conduct electricity decreases.
Precipitators can be designed to work in any resistivity range;
however, they usually work best when the resistivity is in the
moderate range (108 to 1010 ohms-cm).
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Electrostatic precipitator
41
ESP
Figure 10 shows a single gas
passage in a typical electrostatic
precipitator. A high-voltage
electrical charge is applied to the
small-diameter electrode shown in
the center of the picture. The large
vertical surfaces on both sides of
the electrode are electrically
grounded collection plates.
The particles in the gas stream,
which is moving horizontally
through the unit (into the
photograph shown in Figure 11),
become charged and then move
to either side systems.
.
42
ESP
these units are divided into a number of
separately energized areas that are termed
fields (see Figure 10).
Most precipitators have between three and ten
fields in series along the gas flow path.
On large units, the precipitators are divided into a
number of separate, parallel chambers, each of
which has an equal number of fields in series.
There is a solid partition or physical separation
between the 2 to 8 chambers that are present on
the large systems .
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Efficiency of ESP
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Particulate scrubbers
Application:
foundries, mining, electroplating, chemical
processing
Waste products slurry pose waste disposal
problem settling tank may be used
Droplets can give visible plume may be used
as dirty
Filtration and chemical treatment may be used
to allow recirculation for reuse
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Disadvantages include:
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Collection Efficiency of ESPs
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FABRIC FILTERS
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Operating Principles
Fabric filters collect particulate matter on the surfaces of
filter bags. Most of the particles are captured by
inertial impaction, interception, Brownian diffusion, and
sieving on already collected particles that have formed a
dust layer on the bags.
The fabric material itself can capture particles that have
penetrated through the dust layers. Electrostatic
attraction may also contribute to particle capture in the
dust layer and in the fabric itself. Due to the multiple
mechanisms of particle capture possible, fabric filters
can be highly efficient for the entire particle
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54
Types of Fabric Filters
A reverse-air-type fabric filter
One of the major categories of fabric filters. It is used mainly for
large industrial sources. In this type of unit, the particle-laden gas
stream enters from the bottom and passes into the inside of the
bags. The dust cake accumulates on the inside surfaces of the
bags. Filtered gas passes through the bags and is exhausted from
the unit.
When cleaning is necessary, dampers are used to isolate a
compartment of bags from the inlet gas flow. Then, some of the
filtered gas passes in the reverse direction (from the outside of the
bag to the inside) in order to remove some of the dust cake. The
gas used for reverse air cleaning is re-filtered and released.
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Baghouses
Exhaust gas
containing particles
Fabric bag
Periodic
shaking
Collected
particulate
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Fabric Filters
1 2 3
Filter
Dirty cake
Gas
stream
Fluid flow Clean gas stream
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Baghouse configuration
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Mechanisms of Filtration of
Fabric Filters
A type of surface filter
Particles collect on individual fibres by Brownian
diffusion, interception and inertial impaction
Particles accumulate on previously collected
particles, bridging the fibres
Collected particles form a cake acting as packed
bed filter for incoming particles
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Filtration
Filtration by medium - for gases
Filtration by the cake
Cake of solid particle deposited on a fabric filter
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Advantages of fabric filters include
High collection efficiency for fine
particulate.
Operates on a wide range of dust types.
Modules can be factory assembled.
Can operate over wide gas flow rate
range.
Provides reasonably low pressure drops.
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Fabric Filters offer the following
advantages
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Limitations of Fabric Filters
Operation must be carried out at temperatures
lower than that fabric is destroyed, or its life is
shortened
Cannot tolerate vapour condensation, hence dew
point must be below actual gas temperature
Gas or particle constituents that attack fabric or
prevent proper cleaning eg. Sticky particles are
to be avoided
Baghouses require large floor areas
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PULSE JET
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fabric
Filters
Fabric filters are used in a wide variety of applications where high efficiency
particulate collection is needed. The control efficiencies usually range from
99% to greater than 99.5% depending on the characteristics of the
particulate matter and the fabric filter design. As mentioned earlier, fabric
filters can be very efficient at collecting particles in the entire size range of
interest in air pollution control.
The performance of fabric filters is usually independent of the chemical
composition of the particulate matter. However, they are not used when the
gas stream generated by the process equipment includes corrosive
materials that could chemically attack the filter media. Fabric filters are also
not used when there are sticky or wet particles in the gas stream. These
materials accumulate on the filter media surface and block gas movement.
Fabric filters must be designed carefully if there are potentially
combustible or explosive particulate matter, gases, or vapors in the gas
stream being treated. If these conditions are severe, alternative control
techniques, such as wet scrubbers, are often used.
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Particulate Measurement
Total particulate concentration
mass of solid extracted from a fixed volume of
atmosphere by filtration or other methods
Typical values:
70 m-3 rural air
300 m-3 urban air
1 mg m-3 factory workshop
100 mg m-3 power station flue gas
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Particulate Measurement -cont
Analytical consideration
may require sample dissolution and extreme
condition
Particle size distribution
Typical values
d (m) common term sediment. Velocity
<0.1 fume negligible
0.1 8 x 10-5
1 smoke 4 x 10-3
10 0.3
100 dust 25
>100 grit >25
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Summaries the operation of various types of
particle control equipment, with particular
reference to:
Size collected
Mechanism of operation
Efficiency
Advantages
Disadvantages
70
Summary of Particulate Control Emission Control Techniques
Device Min. Efficiency Advantages Disadvantages
Particle (%) mass
Size(m) basis
Cyclone 5-25 50-90 Simplicity of design & Much head room required
maintenance Low collection efficiency of small
Little flooR space particles.
Dry continuous disposal of Sensitive to variable dust loadings
collection dust and flow rates
Low to moderate pressure
loss
Handles large particles
Handles high dust loadings
Temperature independent
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Electrostatic <1 95-99 99+ efficiency obtainable. Relatively high initial cost
precipitator V. Small particle can be Sensitive to variable dust
collected loadings or flow rates
Particles may be collected Precaution required to
wet or dry avoid high voltage
Pressure drop & power Resistivity causes some
requirement small materials to be
compared with high economically
efficiency collectors uncontrollable
Maintenance nominal unless Collection efficiencies can
corrosive or adhesive deteriorate gradually
materials are handled
Few moving parts
Can be operated at high
Tem .573-723K
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