FUNGI

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Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi
 Characteristics of Fungi :

Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Produce exoenzymes
Reproduce by means of spores
Both sexual (meiotic) and asexual (mitotic)
spores may be produced, depending on
the species & conditions
Typically not motile, although a few (e.g.
Chytrids) have motile phase
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 characteristics ..

Vegetative body may be unicellular

(yeast) or compound of microscopic
threads called hyphae
Cell walls are composed of mostly
chitin
Fungal cell membranes have a
unique sterol (ergosterol)

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 Nutritional status of fungi :
Saprophytes use non-living organic
material, important in ecosystems (along
with bacteria) are important in recycling
nutrient
Parasites use organic material from
living organism
Mutualists (symbionts) have a
mutualistically beneficial relationship
with other living organisms,e.g.
Mycorrhizae, Lichens

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 Many fungi are very useful to humans :

yeasts-- baking and brewing

antibiotics--- e.g. penicillin &
cephalosporin
other drugs-- e.g. cyclosporin
organic acids -- e.g. citric acid in Coke is
produced by an Aspergillus
steroids and hormones--- e.g. the pilli
certain stinky cheeses-- e.g. blue
cheese, Roquefort and Camembert
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 Fungi exist in different forms

MOLD - rapidly growing, asexually

reproducing hyphal fungus.
YEAST - a unicellular fungus, usually
found growing in liquid or moist
environments.
Mushroom - a filamentous fungi that
typically form large structures called
fruiting body

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 Branching hyphae known collectively as a mycelium

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 Part of the mycelium is involved in :
gaining nutrients, the vegetative
mycelium
growth and reproduction, the
aerial or reproductive mycelium

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 Four major phyla of Fungi, based on the
method of producing sexual spores:
Chytridiomycota sexual and asexual spores
motile, have posterior flagellated gametes.
Meiospores with one flagellum produced in
zoosporangia (zoospores) Predominantly aquatic,
and not terrestrial. Some are unicellular, some
coenocytic, and still others produce a mycelium
much like other fungi, eg : Allomyces
Zygomycota sexual spores are thick walled resting
spores called zygospores, eg : Rhizopus stolonifer
Ascomycota spores (ascospores) borne internally
in a sac called an ascus, eg : Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Neurospora
Basidiomycota spores (basidiospores) borne
externally on a club-shaped structure called a
basidium, eg : Agaricus campestis.
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 An ascus developing and shooting out its spores
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 Yeast cells

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 There are also two conventional groups which
are not recognized as formal taxonomic groups :

Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti)

includes all fungi which have lost the ability to
reproduce sexually, have no known sexual
state in their life cycle, eg : Penicillium,
Aspergillus
Lichen
not a single organism, a symbiotic
association between a fungus (Ascomycete or
Basidiomycete) and a Cyanobacterium or a
chlorophyte (green alga). Often the fungal
partner is unable to grow without the algal
symbiont, making it difficult to classify these
organisms.
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