FUNDAMENTALS OF AC

MOTORS
Dykman Electrical
5 April 2013

April 5 2013 Motors 101 1 of 55

Three Phase Motor Construction

Windings - Electromagnets
Rotor bars

Rotor
Stator
Three Phase Motor Construction

Stator
Windings
Enclosure

Air Gap
Stator

Rotor
Shaft

End View
Three Phase Motor Construction
T1

T2 T3

T3
T2

End View
T1
Motor Operation
Motor Operation
Motor Operation
Three Phase Motor Construction
T1
+ denotes current

+
T2 T3
+ +
is moving away

T3
T2

End View denotes current

T1
Calculating Synchronous
Speed of the Motor

120 f
No
P
Poles & Synchronous RPM @ 60Hz

Magnetic Poles Synchronous RPM

2 3600
4 1800
6 1200
8 900

7200
= Synchronous RPM
P

7200
= P
Synchronous RPM
Three Phase Motor Construction

T1

T2 T3

T3
T2

End View T1
Three Phase Motor Construction

T1

T2 T3

T3
T2

End View T1
Three Phase Motor Construction

T3b T2b

T1b T1a

T3b
T2b Magnetic
Poles
T3b T2a

T1b T1a

T2a T3b
End View
Calculating Motor Rated Speed
Formula to find actual motor RPM

120 f
N = ( 1-s )
P

Where:
N - RPM of the motor
f - Frequency in Hz
P - Number of poles of the motor
s - (No - N) / No
 Speed - Torque Curve

TORQUE

SPEED
 Speed - Torque Curve
(300%) (600%)
Slip
TORQUE CURRENT

Breakdown
(300%) Torque
(200-250%)
(200%)

Pull Up Torque
Locked Rotor (125%)
Torque (150%)

Full Load
Torque (100%)

No Load
Current
(30%)

Rated Speed Synch Speed

SPEED
 Typical NEMA Design
Characteristics

NEMA Design A 300%

High breakdown torque
Normal starting torque
200%

TORQUE
High starting current
Low full load slip
Used in applications 100%

0 SPEED 100%

that
 Typical NEMA Design
Characteristics

NEMA Design B 300%

Normal breakdown torque
Design A
Normal starting torque
200%
Low starting current

TORQUE

Normal full load slip

less than 5% 100%
Design B
General Purpose Motor

0 SPEED 100%
 Typical NEMA Design
Characteristics

NEMA Design C 300%

Design C Design A
Low breakdown torque
High starting torque
200%

TORQUE
Low starting current
Normal full load slip
less than 5% 100% Design B
Used in applications

0 SPEED 100%
 Typical NEMA Design
Characteristics
Design A
NEMA Design D 300%
Design D
High breakdown torque
Design C
High starting torque
200%

TORQUE
Normal starting current
High full load slip
5 - 13% 100% Design B
Used in applications

0 SPEED 100%
Rotational Horsepower Formula

The horsepower formula in simplified form

Torque x RPM HP x 5250

HP = OR Torque =
5250 RPM

Where:
Torque - Amount of torque in lb.ft.
RPM - RPM of the motor
5250 - constant obtained by dividing 33,000
by 6.28
Motor Nameplate Data
Understanding the Nameplate

Insulation Class
The insulation class

letter
designates the
 Insulation Class Information
Most common insulation classes are class B and F

Insulation Class Ambient Temp. Temp. Rise Total Temp.

A 40oC 65oC 105oC
B 40oC 90oC 130oC
F 40oC 115oC 155oC
H 40oC 140oC 180oC
Understanding the Nameplate

S.F. - Service Factor

The number by which
the horsepower rating
is multiplied to
determine the
maximum safe load
that a motor may be
expected to carry
continuously
Example - a 10HP motor with
a
 Common Types of Motor
Enclosures

Open Drip-proof (ODP)

Totally enclosed non-ventilated (TENV)
Totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC)
Totally enclosed blower cooled (TEBC)
 Types of Motor Enclosures

ODP
Open drip-proof
Ventilating openings
permit passage of
external cooling air
over and around the
windings of the motor.
Small degree of
protection against
liquid or solid particles
entering the enclosure.
 Types of Motor Enclosures

TENV
Totally enclosed
non-ventilated
Totally enclosed
enclosure with no
means of external
cooling.
 Types of Motor Enclosures

TEFC
Totally enclosed
fan-cooled
Totally enclosed
enclosure with
external cooling
means, such as a
shaft connected fan
 Types of Motor Enclosures

TEBC
Totally enclosed
blower-cooled

Totally enclosed
enclosure with
external cooling
means such as a
separately controlled
motor/blower
Application Driven Enclosures
Washdown
Stainless Steel
Explosion Proof
Totally Enclosed Air Over
Weather Protected
Type I
Type II
 Something you cant see
STATOR AND ROTOR
LAMINATIONS
C5 or C3 Lamination
Steel
C5 rated for 1000 Degrees
F
C3 rated for 750 Degrees F
How Does Everything Add Up?

Thermal Window

150

100

50

0
1HP 5HP 10HP 25HP 50HP 100HP 200HP

EQP III-XS @ 1.0 MAX CLASS F ALLOWED

Questions and Comments