MOTOR PROTECTION

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Schedule:

1St DAY MOTOR OPERATION FUNDAMENTAL & SPECIFICATIONS

2nd DAY MOTOR PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

3rd DAY MOTOR PROTECTION SETTING & TESTING

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REFRENCES :

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 PROTECTION CONCEPT

Important Considerations When Applying Protection :

 Types of fault and abnormal conditions to be protected against
Quantities available for measurement
 Types of protection available
 Speed
 Fault position discrimination
 Dependability / Reliability
 Security / Stability
 Overlap of protections
 Phase discrimination / Selectivity
 CTs and VTs
 Auxiliary supplies
 Back-up protection
 Cost
 Duplication of protection

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Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
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Pout 2 nm
 load  N .m m  rad / s
m 60

fr  s fe
120 f e
nsync  rpm
P

hp  746 watts
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 PROTECTION CONCEPT

A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a full-
load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?

120 f e 120(60)
nsync    1800 rpm
P 4

nm  (1  s )ns
Pout Pout
 (1  0.05) 1800  1710 rpm  load  
m 2 nm
60
f r  sf e  0.05  60  3Hz 10 hp  746 watt / hp
  41.7 N .m
1710  2  (1/ 60)
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PROTECTION CONCEPT

• The induction motor is similar to the transformer with

the exception that its secondary windings are free to
rotate

As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can combine

these two circuits in one circuit but there are some difficulties
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Resistance
Actual rotor
equivalent to
resistance
mechanical load

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Torque-speed
characteristics

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 PROTECTION CONCEPT
(300%) (600%)
CURRENT Slip

Breakdown
(300%) Torque
(200-250%)
(200%)

Locked Rotor Pull Up Torque

Torque (150%) (125%)

Full Load
Torque (100%)

TORQUE No Load
Current
(30%)

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NEMA Design A 300%

 High breakdown torque

 Normal starting torque

 High starting current 200%

TORQUE
 Low full load slip
 Used in applications
that require:
100%
 Occasional overloads
 Better efficiency

0 SPEED 100%

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NEMA Design B 300%

 Normal breakdown torque
 Normal starting torque Design A
 Low starting current 200%

TORQUE
 Normal full load slip
 less than 5%
 General Purpose Motor 100%
Design B

0 SPEED 100%

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NEMA Design C 300%

Design C Design A
 Low breakdown torque
 High starting torque
 Low starting current 200%

TORQUE
 Normal full load slip
 less than 5%
 Used in applications 100%
that require: Design B
 high breakaway torque

0 SPEED 100%

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Design A
NEMA Design D 300%
 High breakdown torque Design D
 High starting torque Design C
 Normal starting current 200%

TORQUE
 High full load slip
 5 - 13%
 Used in applications 100%
that require: Design B
 high breakaway torque

0 SPEED 100%

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 Most common insulation classes are class B and F

Insulation Class Ambient Temp. Temp. Rise Total Temp.

A 40oC 65oC 105oC
B 40oC 90oC 130oC
F 40oC 115oC 155oC
H 40oC 140oC 180oC

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PROTECTION CONCEPT

 Most common insulation classes are class B and F

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Amount of overload the motor can

tolerate on a continuous basis at rated
voltage and frequency
1.0 S.F.: no overload is tolerated for
extended periods
1.25 S.F.: motor can be overloaded
25% for an extended period of time
when operated at rated voltage and
frequency
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Types of Bearings Used in Electric Motors
Sleeve Bearings
• A bushing that must be pressed into the motor housing
• Diameter of motor shaft is 0.001” smaller than sleeve
bearing
– Adequate to hold a film of oil between the shaft and bearing
• Designed for axial loads

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Types of Bearings Used in Electric Motors
• Advantages:
– Initial cost of motor is less than one with anti-friction bearings
– Less expensive to replace
– Used on very large (500 Hp) A.C. motors
• Disadvantage:
– Motor must be mounted horizontally to allow for even, gravity
force flow of oil
• Oil flows along grooves and into window to lubricate bearing

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Types of Bearings Used in Electric Motors
Anti-friction Bearings
• Used with heavy alignment loads
• Made up of two separate races
– Separated by many round roller balls
– Outer race is stationary in end ball
– Inner race is firmly pressed onto motor shaft
– Inner race turns, the balls roll & outer race stands still
• Used to meet the specific demands of the load
being driven
• If motor is not properly aligned, excessive bearing
wear will result

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Types of Bearings Used in Electric Motors
• Advantages:
– Motors can be mounted in any position
– Tend to roll more easily and create less drag on the motor
– Used exclusively on motors, except for fractional Hp small blower
motors such as hair dryers

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Common Types of Motor Enclosures

 Open Drip-proof (ODP)

 Totally enclosed non-ventilated (TENV)
 Totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC)
 Totally enclosed blower cooled (TEBC)

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ODP
 Open drip-proof
 Ventilating openings
permit passage of
external cooling air over
and around the windings
of the motor. Small
degree of protection
against liquid or solid
particles entering the
enclosure.

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TENV
 Totally enclosed
non-ventilated
 Totally enclosed
enclosure with no
means of external
cooling.

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TEFC
 Totally enclosed
fan-cooled
 Totally enclosed
enclosure with
external cooling
means, such as a
shaft connected fan

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TEBC
 Totally enclosed
blower-cooled
 Totally enclosed
enclosure with
external cooling
means such as a
separately
controlled
motor/blower

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HP- Horsepower
 The horsepower
figure stamped on
the nameplate is the
horsepower the
motor is rated to
develop when
connected to a circuit
of the voltage,
frequency and
number of phases
specified on the
motor nameplate.

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RPM - Revolutions per Minute

 The RPM value represents
the approximate speed at which the
motor will run when properly connected
and delivering its rated output

Poles Synchronous RPM Typical Nameplate RPM

2 3600 3450
4 1800 1725
6 1200 1140
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8 900 850
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Voltage
 The rated voltage
figure on the motor
nameplate refers to
the voltage of the
supply circuit to
which the motor
should be connected,
to produce rated
horsepower and RPM.

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Hz-Frequency
 The frequency figure
on the motor
nameplate describes
the alternating
current system
frequency that must
be applied to the
motor to achieve
rated speed and
horsepower.

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Amps
 The amp figure on
the motor nameplate
represents the
approximate current
draw by the motor
when developing
rated horsepower on
a circuit of the
voltage and
frequency specified
on the nameplate.

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NEMA Design
 The NEMA Design
rating specifies the
speed torque curve
that will be produced
by the motor.

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Insulation Class
 The insulation class
letter designates the
amount of allowable
temperature rise
based on the
insulation system
and the motor
service factor.

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S.F. - Service Factor

 The number by which the
horsepower rating is
multiplied to determine the
maximum safe load that a
motor may be expected to
carry continuously
 Example - a 10HP motor
with a
service factor of 1.15 will
deliver 1.15 horsepower
continuously without
exceeding
the allowable temperature rise
of its insulation class
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Frame
 The frame designation
refers to the physical
size of the motor as
well as certain
construction features
such as the shaft and
mounting dimensions.

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IP = 1.1 – 1.3 IFL

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HERE ≈ 4

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IEE > 5-10% NGR Core Balance

T : 5 – 1 sec

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IEE > 10% I0

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