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Increasing Water Evaporation Rate by Magnetic Field

Article · September 2013

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 International Science and Investigation Journal

ISSN: 2251-8576 2013, 2(3)

Journal homepage: www.isijournal.info

Received 28 July 2013; accepted 1 September 2013

Increasing Water Evaporation Rate by Magnetic Field

Farhan Lafta Rashid1 , Nada Mohammed Hassan2 , Aqel Mashot Jafar3 and Ahmed
Hashim4
Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq-Baghdad
1
E-Mail: engfarhan71@gmail.com
3
E-Mail: aqeel.mashon@yahoo.com
4
E-Mail:ahmed_taay@yahoo.com

Abstract
The effect of magnetic fields on water is still a highly controversial topic despite
the vast amount of research devoted to this topic in past decades. Enhanced water
evaporation in a magnetic field, however, is less disputed. In this paper, we present an
investigation of water evaporation through magnetic field of 0.5 T, which was located
at different location of tested water height (water-air interface, water mid height and
bottom). An increase in evaporation time led to increase the evaporation rate, the
preferred location of magnetic field is at the water-air interface which gave more
evaporation rate (6% more than absence magnetic field) compared with other
location, there is no effect was seen in the case of putting magnetic field at the bottom
of water height. All results that obtained in the present work were compared with that
obtained from equation (4).
Keywords: evaporation enhancement, evaporation rate, magnetic field, Stefan
Problem, diffusion.

Introduction
Since the middle of the last century, many studies have investigated the effect of a
magnetic field on water, but the results of these studies were often contradictory. The
issue was raised in the early 1950s when commercial “water conditioners” using
permanent magnets were sold as a unit. It was said that such water conditioners could
remove old scale and prevent new scale from forming in water pipes or water boilers
if the water passed through a magnetic field created by the permanent magnet.
However, a report in 1958 showed that water conditioners, or even a much stronger
magnetic field, could not alter the scale-forming properties of water [1].
 International Science and Investigation Journal Vol. 2(3)

A great number of papers on the effect of magnetic field on the physical and
chemical properties of water [2–9].
Most of the arguments are actually related to the chemical substances in the water
and not related to the properties of water itself. Other studies that have focused on the
effect of a magnetic field on the physical and chemical properties of pure water have
yielded inconsistent research results. For example, Toledo et al. [10] concluded that a
magnetic field increases the surface tension.
Nakagawa etal. [11] examined the effect of MF on water vapor-ization. They
found that the MF enhances the water vaporization in air, but not in nitrogen.Furthe
more, the magnitude of these effects depends on the field gradient product B dB/dx
field, and the maxi-mum of the vaporization rate increment is asymmetric to the field
axis.
WU Song-hai et al.[12] found that The rate of the water evaporation increases as
the intensities of magnetic induction increase. When the intensity of magnetic
induction is constant, the water vaporization rate increases with the temperature.

This paper presents an investigation of the evaporation of water in a small

magnetic field located at different location on the tested water height.

Theoretical Analysis
Ficks' Law of Diffusion and Stefan Problem [13]:
Consider a non-reacting gas mixture of species A and B. Ficks' Law describes the
rate at which one species diffuses through other. For the case of one dimensional
binary diffusion, Ficks' Law on a mass basis is:

dYA
m ."A  Y A ( m ."A  m ."B )  D AB
dx (1)

m .A
Where m ."A  is the mass flux of species A ( kg / m 2 .s )
A

YA is the mass fraction

D AB is binary diffusivity ( m 2 / s )

Stefan assumes the following assumptions for equation (1):

1. Gas B is insoluble in liquid A ( mB." =0)

2. Steady state.
3. Liquid level is constant or interface regresses so slow, that its movement can be
neglected.
 dY
m ."A  YA m ."A   D AB A
dx

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 International Science and Investigation Journal Vol. 2(3)

 dY A
m ."A  Y A m ."A    D AB (2)
dx

Rearrange equation (2) and integrate:

x YA
m."A 1
 
dx   dYA
x0  D AB YA ,i
(1  YA )

m ."A, x (1  Y A )

 ln
 D AB (1  Y A,i ) (3)

m ." x
Y A  1  (1  Y A,i ) exp(  A )
 D AB

Boundary conditions:

At x=L Y A  Y A , for equation (3):


 D AB (1  Y A, )
."
m  A ln (4)
L (1  Y A,i )

Equation (4) can be used to calculate the theoretical evaporation rate per unit area

Where m ."A is evaporation rate per unit area


 is the average gas density in the container (Fig.(1)) and can be calculated from:


P
 
( Ru / MW )T

P is the atmospheric pressure

63
 International Science and Investigation Journal Vol. 2(3)

Ru is Universal Gas Constant

L is the interface depth from the top of container

T is Gas Temperature


MW  0.5( MWmix ,i  MWmix , )

Experimental Part

Figure (1) shows the container (8 cm diameter, filled with water at depth of 3 cm
from the top of the container) at which our experiments were take place, using
magnetic field of 0.5 Tesla putted at different locations (interface , mid height and
bottom) to increase water evaporation from the surface and take the measurements
which involve time and net weight of the water in the container by using sensitive
weight balance, in each measurement report the time from starting evaporation in
order to divide the net weight on the time to give evaporation rate.

Figure (1) Diffusion of Vapor A through a Stagnant Column of Gas B, i.e., the
Stefan Problem

64
 International Science and Investigation Journal Vol. 2(3)

Results and Discussions

Calculations of evaporation rate for the case of putting magnetic field of 0.5 Tesla
at different locations of liquid A which compared with theoretical results obtained
from equation (4), we can see from figure (2) ( putting magnetic field at the interface),
at which we can see the relationship between evaporation rate and time , an increase
in evaporation time led to an increase in evaporation rate, small increasing in
evaporation rates were take place for using magnetic field if compared with the
absence of magnetic field, because the magnetic field will increase the surface tension
and lead to maximize the evaporation rate.

Figure (3) shows the relationship between evaporation rate with time , one can
observe that an increase in evaporation time will increase the evaporation rate, also
very small increase in evaporation rate for the case of using magnetic field at mid
height of liquid A if compared with absence of magnetic field.

Figure (4) shows the relationship between evaporation rates with time, an increase
in evaporation time will increase the evaporation rate, no change in evaporation rate
for the case of using magnetic field at bottom of liquid A if compared with absence of
magnetic field.

2.4E-04
E. R.Theo.(g/sec)

2.3E-04 E.R.Non Mag.

E.R.with Mag.(g/sec)
Evaporation rate(g/sec)

2.2E-04

2.1E-04

2.0E-04

1.9E-04

1.8E-04

1.7E-04

1.6E-04

1.5E-04
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Time(sec)

Fig.(2) Water Evaporation Rate Versus Time for magnetic field at Interface

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 International Science and Investigation Journal Vol. 2(3)

E. R.Theo.(g/sec)
2.4E-04
E.R.Non Mag.
E.R.with Mag.(g/sec)
2.3E-04

2.2E-04

Evaporation rate(g/sec)
2.1E-04

2.0E-04

1.9E-04

1.8E-04

1.7E-04

1.6E-04

1.5E-04
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Time(sec)

Fig.(3) Water Evaporation Rate Versus Time for magnetic field at Mid Height of
Liquid A

E. R.Theo.(g/sec)
2.4E-04
E.R.Non Mag.

2.3E-04 E.R.with Mag.(g/sec)

Evaparation rate(g/sec)

2.2E-04

2.1E-04

2.0E-04

1.9E-04

1.8E-04

1.7E-04

1.6E-04

1.5E-04
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Time(sec)

Fig.(4) Water Evaporation Rate Versus Time for magnetic field at Bottom of
Liquid A

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 International Science and Investigation Journal Vol. 2(3)

Conclusions

From the present work, we can report the following conclusions:

1. An increase in evaporation time will increase in water evaporation rate.

2. No change in evaporation rate for the case of using magnetic field at bottom of
liquid A if compared with the case of non-magnetic field.
3. The perfect location of magnetic field is at the interface which increases the surface
tension and the evaporation rate.

References

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 International Science and Investigation Journal Vol. 2(3)

11. A. Szcze´ et al. (2010), Effects of static magnetic field on water at kinetic
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