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Chapter 5 - The Gaseous State
Chapter 5 - The Gaseous State
CHAPTER 5
Learning objectives
2
Pressure :
The force exerted per unit area.
F
P The SI unit for pressure
A is the pascal, Pa.
kg m
s 2 kg
m2 m s2
Pa (pascal)
Gas pressure -exercise
5
Gas pressure -exercise
A barometer is a device
for measuring the pressure of the
atmosphere.
A manometer is a device
for measuring the pressure of a gas or
liquid in a vessel.
5.2 Empirical Gas Laws
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Boyles Law
The volume of a sample of gas at constant temperature
varies inversely with the applied pressure.
[1] A volume of oxygen gas occupies 38.7 mL at 751 mmHg and 21C.
What is the volume if the pressure changes to 359 mmHg while the
temperature remains constant?
[2] You have a cylinder of argon gas at 19.8 atm pressure at 19C. The
volume of argon in the cylinder is 50 L. What would be the volume of this
gas if you allowed it to expand to the pressure of the surrounding air
(0.974 atm)? Assume the temperature remains constant.
[3] You fill a balloon with helium gas to a volume of 2.68 L at 23C and 789
mmHg. Now you release the balloon. What would be the volume of helium if
its pressure changed to 632 mmHg but the temperature were unchanged?
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Charless Law
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12
[2] A mole of gas at 0C and 760 mmHg occupies 22.41 L. What is the
volume at 20C and 760 mmHg?
[3] Helium gas at 22C and 1 atm occupied a vessel whose volume was
2.54 L. At a pressure of 1atm, What volume would this gas occupy if it
were cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature (-197C)?
13
Combined Gas Law
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T
The mathematical relationship: V
P
In equation form: PV constant
T
PiVi PfVf
Ti Tf
Combined Gas Law -Exercise
15
18
To find molar mass, find the moles of gas, and then find the
ratio of mass to moles.
In equation form:
PMm dRT
d or Mm
RT P
Gas Density -Exercise
21
[1] What is the density of methane gas, at 125C and 3.5 atm?
[ ] . [. ]
d= = = . /
. . . []
5.4 Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas volumes
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Use the ideal gas law to find moles from a given volume,
pressure, and temperature, and vice versa.
Exercise
[1] When a 2L bottle of concentrated HCl was spilled,
1.2 kg of CaCO3 was required to neutralize the spill.
What volume of CO2 was released by the neutralization
at 735 mmHg and 20C?
[2] CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l ) Ca(OH)2(aq) + C2H2(g)
Calculate the volume (in liters) of acetylene produced at 26C and 684
mmHg from 0.05 mol CaC2 and excess H2O.
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P = P A + PB + PC + . . .
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[3] Calculate the total pressure (in atm) of a mixture of 0.02 mol of helium
and 0.01 mol of hydrogen in a 2.5L flask at 10C. Assume ideal gas
behavior.
5.6 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas
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4. When molecules collide with each other, the collisions are elastic.
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Diffusion:
a gas spreads out through
another gas to occupy the
space uniformly.
Effusion:
The process by which a gas flows through a small hole in a
container. 30
5.8 Real gases
At high pressure the relationship
31 between pressure and
volume does not follow Boyles law.
The volume of a sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the
applied pressure
At high pressure, some of the assumptions of the kinetic theory no longer
hold true:
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1. At high pressure, the volume of the gas molecule (Postulate 1) is not
negligible.
High pressure:
The volume of molecules is a
significant fractions of the total volume
& cannot be ignored. The ideal gas law
is no longer a good approximation
Checking outcomes
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