NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

During manufacturing, material is transformed

During Transformation, what changes take place on the material?
Same materials can be transformed by one specific
MANUFACTURING PROCESS while others do not Which process
should be employed for which material? is an important question to
be answered.
The right answere depends on the NATURE AND PROPERTIES of the
materials
Therefore, we must developed knowledge of MATERIALS
Understanding their properties, reliability and manufacturability is
critical for their effective and efficient application
Composites, polymers and plastics are being used extensively in
manufacturer processes that range from automotive and aerospace
applications to medical and electrical applications
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Metallic
MATERIALS
Non- metallic

Composites

1. Metallic - Ferrous
Non Ferrous

2. Non - Metallic Organic

Inorganic
3. Composites Mixture of metallic and non metallic
Table 2.1 shows the principle metals used in current processes
and other important properties. Table 2.2 shows non-metals.
The value of properties depending on alloying and heat treatment
Other important commercial metals such as tin, silver, platinum,
manganese, vanadium and titanium
The non-ferrous metals are generally inferior in strength but
superior in corrosion resistance as compared to ferrous materials
and more expensive.
Non-metallic materials are considered organic if they contain
animal or vegetable cells (dead or live) or carbon compound.
Organic materials usually dissolve in organic liquids such as
alcohol or carbon tetrachloride but they will not dissolve in water.
Inorganic materials tend o dissolve in water.
Generally, inorganic materials resist heat more effectively than
organic substances.
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Tensile strength
Compressive strength
Torsional strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Hardness

Tensile strength
The ability of a material to support or carry an applied axial load

F F
To measure tensile strength is conducted by pulling on the two ends
as shown above diagram
The results are described by determining the changes that take place in
length as the force is increased to the breaking point.
A curve can be plotted for two values, the STRESS and STRAIN
(dimensionless)

Stress = force (F) / area (A) =

And

Strain = L1 L =
L
Such curves, known as engineering stress-strain curves. These curves
differ with properties of material and heat treatment.
Young s Modulus Elasticity which is an indication of
stiffness of material

E=/ where stress

strain

Shear stress, results from a parallel force (or shear load)

and known as the shear angle or shear strain. G is defined
as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.

Shear stress =G
Modulus of rigidity G = E

2(1+ )
where G is the modulus rigidity

Poissons ratio (elastic constant)

Compressive strength is easily determined for brittle
materials that will fracture when sufficient load is applied.
For ductile materials a strength in compressive is valid only
when the amount of deformation is specified.

Factor of safety (FS) is defined as the ratio of the actual

stress to the allowable strength of the material i.e

FS = actual

allowable
Recommended values of FS range from 1 to 3
 COMPOSITES
INTRODUCTION
A composite material or composite is a complex solid material
composed of two or more materials that, on a macroscopic scale,
form a useful material.
The composite is designed to exhibit the best properties or
qualities of its constituents or some properties possessed by
neither.
A broad definition of composite materials includes the naturally
occurring composites, such as wood, as well as the synthetic or
human-made composites.
A recent example of the development of composites in the
medical field is cited.
A mineral paste composed of monocalcium phosphate
monohydrate, a-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate, dry
mixed, to which a sodium phosphate solution is added to form a
paste, is surgically implanted into acute bone fractures and
hardens within ten minutes after injection
This new material eliminates the need for heavy and
uncomfortable casts.
In answer to the question, Why use composites? one can reply, in
part, as follows:
1. To increase stiffness, strength, or dimensional stability
2. To increase toughness (impact strength)
3. To increase heat-deflection temperature
4. To increase mechanical damping
5. To reduce permeability to gases and liquids
6. To modify electrical properties (e.g., increase electrical
resistivity)
7. To reduce costs
8. To decrease water absorption
9. To decrease thermal expansion
10. To increase chemical wear and corrosion resistance
11. To reduce weight
12. To maintain strength/stiffness at high temperatures while
under strain conditions in a corrosive environment
13. To increase secondary uses and recyclability, and to reduce
any negative impact on the environment
14. To improve design flexibility
MATRIX which is continuous and surrounds the other phase,
often called the disperse phase.
The properties of composites are a function of the properties of
the constituent phase, their relative amounts and the geometry
phase.
Dispersed phase geometry means the shape of the particles and
particles size, distribution and orientation.
The functions of a matrix, the binder material, whether organic,
ceramic, or metallic, are to support and protect the fibers, the
principal load carrying agent, and to provide a means of
distributing the load among and transmitting it between the fibers
without itself fracturing.
Typically, the matrix has a considerably lower density, stiffness
(modulus), and strength than those of the reinforcing fiber
material, but the combination of the two main constituents (matrix
and fiber) produces high strength and stiffness, while still
possessing a relatively low density.
The structure or matrix of a filled composite can take a porous or
spongelike structural form
Finally, the matrix can have a predetermined shape and size
formed by an open honeycomb core made of metal impregnated
with a ceramic filler for high-temperature applications