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Basic Electric Circuits: Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems
Basic Electric Circuits: Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems
Lesson 10
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
Consider the following:
A
Network Network
B
1 2
Figure 10.1: Coupled networks.
1
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
Network A
1 B
Figure 10.2: Network 1, open-circuited.
2
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
Network A
1 B
Now place a voltmeter across terminals A-B and
read the voltage. We call this the open-circuit voltage.
4
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
Consider the following circuit.
I2
V3
_+ A
R1 R3
R2
R4
_+ V1 _ I1
V2 +
B
A
R1 R3
R2 R4
B
Figure 10.4: Circuit of Figure 10.3 with sources deactivated
Now place an ohmmeter across A-B and read the resistance.
If R1= R2 = R4= 20 and R3=10 then the meter reads 10 .
6
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
B
Figure 10.5: The Thevenin equivalent structure.
7
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
We can now tie (reconnect) Network 2 back to
terminals A-B. A
RTH
+ Network
_ VTH
2
B
Figure 10.6: System of Figure 10.1 with Network 1
replaced by the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
We can now make any calculations we desire within
Network 2 and they will give the same results as if we
still had Network 1 connected.
8
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
It follows that we could also replace Network 2 with a
Thevenin voltage and Thevenin resistance. The results
would be as shown in Figure 10.7.
A
RTH 1 RTH 2
+
_ VTH 1 VTH 2 _+
B
Figure 10.7: The network system of Figure 10.1
replaced by Thevenin voltages and resistances.
9
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.1.
Find VX by first finding VTH and RTH to the left of A-B.
12 4 A
+
30 V +
_ 6 2 VX
_
B
Figure 10.8: Circuit for Example 10.1.
10
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.1. continued
12 4 A
30 V +
_ 6
B
Figure 10.9: Circuit for finding VTH for Example 10.1.
(30)(6)
VAB 10V
6 12
Notice that there is no current flowing in the 4 resistor
(A-B) is open. Thus there can be no voltage across the
resistor.
11
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.1. continued
We now deactivate the sources to the left of A-B and find
the resistance seen looking in these terminals.
12 4 A
RTH
6
We see,
RTH = 12||6 + 4 = 8
12
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.1. continued
After having found the Thevenin circuit, we connect this
to the load in order to find VX.
RTH A
8 +
+
VTH _ 10 V 2 VX
_
B
Figure 10.11: Circuit of Ex 10.1 after connecting Thevenin
circuit.
(10)( 2)
VX 2V
13
28
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM:
In some cases it may become tedious to find RTH by reducing
the resistive network with the sources deactivated. Consider
the following: RTH A
VTH + ISS
_
B
Figure 10.12: A Thevenin circuit with the output shorted.
We see;
VTH
RTH Eq 10.1
14
I SS
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.2.
For the circuit in Figure 10.13, find RTH by using Eq 10.1.
12 C 4 A
30 V +
_ 6 ISS
D B
Figure 10.13: Given circuit with load shorted
15
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.2. continued
Applying Thevenins theorem to the left of terminals C-D
and reconnecting to the load gives,
4 C 4 A
10 V +
_ ISS
D B
Figure 10.14: Thevenin reduction for Example 10.2.
VTH 10
RTH 8
I SS 10
16
8
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.3
For the circuit below, find VAB by first finding the Thevenin
circuit to the left of terminals A-B.
1.5 A
5
A
10
20 V _+ 20 17
Figure 10.15: Circuit for Example 10.3.
5
A
10
20 V _+ 20
Figure 10.16: Circuit for finding VOC for Example 10.3.
20(20)
VOS VAB VTH (1.5)(10)
(20 5)
VTH 31V
18
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.3 continued
5
A
10
20
Figure 10.17: Circuit for find RTH for Example 10.3.
5(20)
RTH 10 14
(5 20)
19
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.3 continued
RTH A
14 +
+
VTH _ 31 V 17 VAB
_
B
Figure 10.18: Thevenin reduced circuit for Example 10.3.
VAB 17V
20
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.4: Working
with a mix of independent and dependent sources.
Find the voltage across the 100 load resistor by first finding
the Thevenin circuit to the left of terminals A-B.
IS A
50 40
30
_+ 86 V
100
6 IS
B
21
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.4: continued
First remove the 100 load resistor and find VAB = VTH to
the left of terminals A-B.
IS A
50 40
30
_+ 86 V
6 IS
B
Figure 10.20: Circuit for find VTH, Example 10.4.
86 80 I S 6 I S 0 I S 1 A
VAB 6 I S 30 I S 36V
22
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.4: continued
To find RTH we deactivate all independent sources but retain
all dependent sources as shown in Figure 10.21.
IS A
50 40
30 RTH
6 IS
B
Figure 10.21: Example 10.4, independent sources deactivated.
We cannot find RTH of the above circuit, as it stands. We
must apply either a voltage or current source at the load
and calculate the ratio of this voltage to current to find RTH.
23
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.4: continued
IS 1A
50 40
30
IS + 1 V 1A
6 IS
50 I S 30( I S 1) 6 I S 0
From which 15
IS A
24 43
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.4: continued
IS 1A
50 40
30
IS + 1 V 1A=I
6 IS
57.4
VTH +_ 36 V 100
36 x100
V100 22.9 V
57.4 100
26
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.5: Finding
the Thevenin circuit when only resistors and dependent
sources are present. Consider the circuit below. Find Vxy
by first finding the Thevenin circuit to the left of x-y.
10Ix
x
20 50
50 60 100 V +
_
IX
y
Figure 10.25: Circuit for Example 10.5.
For this circuit, it would probably be easier to use mesh or nodal
analysis to find Vxy. However, the purpose is to illustrate Thevenins
27 theorem.
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.5: continued
We first reconcile that the Thevenin voltage for this circuit
must be zero. There is no juice in the circuit so there cannot
be any open circuit voltage except zero. This is always true
when the circuit is made up of only dependent sources and
resistors.
To find RTH we apply a 1 A source and determine V for
the circuit below.
10IX
20 20
1A
50 60
V
1 - IX IX
20 20
1A
50 60
V
1 - IX IX
m
29
I X 0.5 A
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENINS THEOREM: Example 10.5: continued
10IX
20 20
1A
50 60
V
1 - IX IX
m
n
50 _+ 100 V
y
Figure 10.29: Thevenin circuit tied to the load, Example 10.5.
31 Obviously, VXY = 50 V
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTONS THEOREM:
Assume that the network enclosed below is composed
of independent sources and resistors.
Network
I R
33
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTONS THEOREM:
In the Norton circuit, the current source is the short circuit
current of the network, that is, the current obtained by
shorting the output of the network. The resistance is the
resistance seen looking into the network with all sources
deactivated. This is the same as RTH.
ISS RN = RTH
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTONS THEOREM:
R
+ V
_ V R I=
R
20 40 A
+
_ 50 V 60 50
20 40
+
_ 50 V 60
ISS
10.7 A 55 50
+
5V _+ 3 VX 25 IS VX 40
_
+
5V _+ 3 VX 25 IS VX 40
_
39
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTONS THEOREM: Example 10.7. continued
1 k IS A
+
5V _+ 3 VX 25 IS VX 40 ISS
_
VOS 1000 I S
RN 40
I SS 25 I S
40
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTONS THEOREM: Example 10.7. continued
1 k IS A
+
5V _+ 3 VX 25 IS VX 40
_
Therefore;
I SS 62.5 mA
The Norton equivalent circuit is shown below.
A
IN = 62.5 mA RN = 40
40
+
_ 2.5 V
43
circuits
End of Lesson 10
Thevenin and Norton