Computer Architecture and

Microprocessors
By
Navdeep Goyal
 Purpose of Talk
• What are the advantages of teaching these
topics to physics students
• To discuss the curriculum for teaching
microprocessors to physics students
• Introduction to SAP-1
• 8085 microprocessor
 Importance

. Learning about the design considerations of

microprocessors is important
. Students opting for further studies in
microelectronics are benefitted
. Knowledge of working of a processors is important
. Starting with working of simplest computer system
is always helpful
. Better to start with few basic principles of working
of computer systems
 Proposed Sequence
• Which device was designed first
• Computer or microprocessor?
• Bus organised computer systems
– Data Bus
– Address Bus
– Control Bus
– Tri-state Devices
– Buffer Registers
– SAP-1, SAP-2 etc
– 8085 microprocessor
– 8086 and other advanced microprocessors
 BUS SYSTEM
• In all computer system, the data is transferred
from one place to other through common
DATA BUS
• The selection of device is from the address,
which is sent through common address bus
• Depending upon control signals data is written
onto or read from a particular register
 TRI STATE DEVICES
• TRI-STATE Devices play important role when
we are dealing with bus organized computer
systems
• Three terminal device:
– Input, output, control
– Available in high active or low active mode
– Used at the output of registers, which are
connected with common data bus
 Buffer Registers
• The loading of data and reading data from
buffer register is with the help of control
signals
• For loading data onto register a Load (L) signal
is used
• For receiving data from buffer register an
Enable (E) signal is used
• For different registers loading or enabling may
be high or low active
 Introduction to Sap-1

• SAP-1 stands for simple as possible computer

• SAP-1 is a computer made from discrete IC’s
• Its an 8 bit computer with 4 address lines
• Can handle max. of 16 address locations
• Instruction set includes instructions
• LDA, ADD, SUB, OUT, HLT
 OPCODES
• LDA 0000
• ADD 0001
• SUB 0010
• OUT 1100
• HLT 1111
 OPCODES AND OPERAND
Complete code includes opcode and operand

Like LDA 04H 0000 0100

One instruction is executed in one instruction

cycle
 Machine Cycle/Instruction Cycle
• Instruction cycle may consist of many machine
cycles
• For SAP-1, Instruction cycle= machine cycle
• Instruction cycle=Fetch cycle+Execution Cycle
• Fetch cycle is generally same for all
instructions
Ring Counter
SAP-1
 How to fabricate various units
• Program Counter: 4 bit counter-made from J-K flip-flops-74
LS107 with 74LS126
• Input/MAR: includes address/data switch registers includes
buffer register and 2-1 multiplexer
• 16X8 RAM
• Instruction Register: 8 bit buffer register , 2 nos 74 LS173
• Controller Sequencer: to generate control signals
• Accumulator: Buffer register to store intermediate results
• Adder Subtracter: Arithmatic unit
• B: buffer register
 Control Signals

Fetch T1 010 1 1110 001 1

T2 1 011 1110 0011
T3 0011 0110 0011
Control Words for various instructions
Control Unit of SAP-1
 Microprogrammed Control Unit
• Easier to fabricate
• Slower-not useful for commercial
microprocessors
• Can be used for testing various instructions
 Variable Machine Cycle
• Fixed machine cycle may give many unwanted
time states
• Execution is going to take longer time
• Better to opt for variable machine cycle
8085 Pin Diagram
Architecture of 8085
Thanks