The Brain and Cranial Nerves: Anwar Wardy W Dept. Neurology FKK Umj

THE BRAIN
AND CRANIAL NERVES
dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

 Cerebrum
 Cerebellum
 Diencephalon
 Mesencephalon
 Pons
 Medulla oblongata

PLAY 3D Peel- Away of the Brain
Figure 14–1
CEREBRUM
 Largest part of brain
 Controls higher mental functions
 Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
 Surface layer of gray matter (neural cortex)

 Also called cerebral cortex
 Folded surface increases surface area
 Elevated ridges (gyri)
 Shallow depressions (sulci)
 Deep grooves (fissures)

CEREBELLUM
 Second largest part of brain
 Coordinates repetitive body movements
 2 hemispheres
 Covered with cerebellar cortex

DIENCEPHALON
 Located under cerebrum and cerebellum
 Links cerebrum with brain stem
 3 divisions:
 left thalamus
 right thalamus
 hypothalamus

THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS
 Thalamus:
 relays and processes sensory information
 Hypothalamus:
 hormone production
 emotion
 autonomic function

 Major endocrine gland
 Connected to hypothalamus
 Via infundibulum (stalk)
 Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems

BRAIN STEM
 Processes infomation between:
 spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
 Includes:
 mesencephalon
 pons
 medulla oblongata

MESENCEPHALON
 Also called midbrain
 Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
 Maintains consciousness

PONS
 Connects cerebellum to brain stem
 Is involved in somatic and visceral motor control

MEDULLA OBLONGATA
 Connects brain to spinal cord
 Relays information
 Regulates autonomic functions:
 heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

1. Cushions delicate neural structures
2. Supports brain
3. Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste
products
Formed by ependymal cells and capillaries in the Choroid

Plexus

dept. neurology fkk umj
KNOW THESE anwar wardy w
Figure 14–2
Figure 14–4a
Figure 14–3a
 Supplies nutrients and oxygen to brain
 Delivered by internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
 Removed from dural sinuses by internal jugular veins

 Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain
 Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA):
 shuts off blood to portion of brain
 neurons die

 Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation
 Formed by network of tight junctions between capillary
endothelial cells
 Astrocytes control BBB
 Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and
prostaglandins diffuse

 Allows brain and spinal cord to communicate
 Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes
 Controls visceral functions

Figure 14–6b
 Continuous with
spinal cord

Figure 14–5a
1. Autonomic nuclei:
 control visceral activities
2. Sensory and motor nuclei:
 of cranial nerves
3. Control Centers
 cardiovascular centers:
 respiratory rhythmicity centers

 Links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon,
cerebrum, and spinal cord

Figure 14–6c
Nuclei involved with respiration:
 apneustic center and pneumotaxic center
 modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity

1. Adjusts postural muscles
2. Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements

 An autonomic processing center

Figure 14–7a
PURKINJE CELLS
 Large, branched cells
 Found in cerebellar cortex
 Receive input from up to 200,000 synapses

 Ataxia:
 damage from trauma or stroke
 intoxication (temporary disturbance)
 disturbs muscle coordination

Figure 14–8a
 Tectum:
 2 pairs of sensory nuclei:
 superior colliculus (visual)
 inferior colliculus (auditory)

THE DIENCEPHALON
 Thalamus,
epithalamus, and
hypothalamus
 Thalamus integrates
sensory information
and motor
commands

Figure 14–9
 Filters ascending sensory information for primary sensory
cortex
 Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

 Lies below thalamus

Figure 14–10a
 Mamillary bodies:
 process olfactory and other sensory information
 control reflex eating movements

1. Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle
2. Controls autonomic function
3. Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems
4. Secretes hormones

5. Produces emotions and behavioral drives:
 the feeding center (hunger)
 the thirst center (thirst)

6. Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
7. Regulates body temperature
8. Controls circadian rhythms (day

LIMBIC SYSTEM
 Is a functional grouping that:
 establishes emotional states
 links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic
functions of brain stem
 facilitates memory storage and retrieval

LIMBIC SYSTEM

Figure 14–11a
 Is the largest part of the brain
 Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions
 Processes somatic sensory and motor information

 Gray matter:
 in cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
 White matter:
 deep to basal cortex
 around basal nuclei

Figure 14–12b
 Longitudinal fissure:
 separates cerebral hemispheres
 Lobes:
 divisions of hemispheres

 Central sulcus divides:
 anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe
 Lateral sulcus divides:

 frontal lobe from temporal lobe
 Parieto-occipital sulcus divides:

 parietal lobe from occipital lobe

1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information
from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of
body

2. The 2 hemispheres have different functions although their
structures are alike

3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific
region of cerebral cortex is not precise

 Myelinated fibers
(axons)

Figure 14–13
BASAL NUCLEI
 Also called cerebral nuclei
 Are masses of gray matter
 Are embedded in white matter of cerebrum
 Direct subconscious activities

 Caudate nucleus:
 curving, slender tail
 Lentiform nucleus:
 globus pallidus
 putamen

Figure 14–14b, c
 Are involved with:
 the subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone
 the coordination of learned movement patterns (walking, lifting)

 Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas

Figure 14–15a
 Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe:
 directs voluntary movements
 Primary motor cortex:

 is the surface of precentral gyrus
 Pyramidal cells:
 are neurons of primary motor cortex

 Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe:
 receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain,
vibration, taste, and temperature)
 Primary sensory cortex:
 surface of postcentral gyrus

 Visual cortex:
 information from sight receptors
 Auditory cortex:
 information from sound receptors
 Olfactory cortex:
 information from odor receptors
 Gustatory cortex:
 information from taste receptors

GENERAL INTERPRETIVE AREA
 Also called Wernicke’s area
 Present in only 1 hemisphere
 Receives information from all sensory association areas
 Coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories

 Speech center:
 is associated with general interpretive area
 coordinates all vocalization functions
 Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe:

 integrates information from sensory association areas
 performs abstract intellectual activities (e.g., predicting
consequences of actions)

HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION
 Each cerebral hemisphere
 Performs certain functions
 Not performed by the opposite hemisphere

 Functional
differences between
left and right
hemispheres

Figure 14–16
 In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls:
 reading, writing, and math
 decision-making
 speech and language

 Right cerebral hemisphere relates to:
 senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel)
 recognition (faces, voice inflections)

 Brain activity is assessed by an electroencephalogram (EEG):
 electrodes are placed on the skull
 patterns of electrical activity are printed out (brain waves)

Figure 14–17
1. Alpha waves:
 found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes closed
2. Beta waves:
 higher frequency
 found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed

3. Theta waves:
 found in children
 found in intensely frustrated adults
 may indicate brain disorder in adults
4. Delta waves:
 during sleep
 found in awake adults with brain damage

 A pacemaker mechanism:
 synchronizes electrical activity between hemispheres
 Brain damage can cause desynchronization

 Is a temporary cerebral disorder
 Changes the electroencephalogram
 Symptoms depend on regions affected

 12 pairs connected to brain

Figure 14–18
1. Sensory nerves:
 carry somatic sensory information:
 touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain
2. Special sensory nerves:

 carry sensations:
 smell, sight, hearing, balance

3. Motor nerves:
 axons of somatic motor neurons
4. Mixed nerves:
 mixture of motor and sensory fibers

 Each of the 12 cranial nerve groups is identified by:
 primary function
 origin
 pathway
 Destination
YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THE ORIGIN OR PATHWAY

OLFACTORY NERVES (I)

Figure 14–19
OLFACTORY NERVES (I)
 Primary function:
 special sensory (smell)
 Origin:
 receptors of olfactory epithelium
 Pathway:
 olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid
 Destination:
 olfactory bulbs

 Olfactory bulbs:
 located on either side of crista galli
 Olfactory tracts:
 axons of postsynaptic neurons
 leading to cerebrum

OPTIC NERVES (II)

Figure 14–20
OPTIC NERVES (II)
 special sensory (vision)
 Origin:
 retina of eye
 Pathway:
 optic canals of sphenoid
 Destination:
 diencephalon via optic chiasm

 Optic chiasm:
 where sensory fibers converge
 and cross to opposite side of brain
 Optic tracts:
 reorganized axons
 leading to lateral geniculate nuclei

OCULOMOTOR NERVES (III)

Figure 14–21
 motor (eye movements)
 Origin:
 mesencephalon
 Pathway:
 superior orbital fissures of sphenoid

 Destination:
 somatic motor:
 superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles
 inferior oblique muscle
 levator palpebrae superioris muscle
 visceral motor:
 intrinsic eye muscles

 Oculomotor nerve:
 controls 4 of 6 eye-movement muscles
 delivers autonomic fibers to ciliary ganglion
 Ciliary ganglion:
 controls intrinsic muscles of iris and lens

TROCHLEAR NERVES (IV)

Figure 14–21
TROCHLEAR NERVES (IV)
 Origin:
 mesencephalon
 Pathway:
 superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
 Destination:
 superior oblique muscle

ABDUCENS NERVES (VI)

Figure 14–21
ABDUCENS NERVES (VI)
 Origin:
 pons
 Pathway:
 superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
 Destination:
 lateral rectus muscle

TRIGEMINAL NERVES (V)

Figure 14–22
 mixed (sensory and motor) to face
 Origins:
 ophthalmic branch (sensory):
 orbital structures
 nasal cavity
 skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and eyebrow
 part of nose

 Origins:
 maxillary branch (sensory):
 lower eyelid
 upper lip, gums, and teeth
 cheek and nose
 palate and part of pharynx

 Origins:
 mandibular branch (sensory):
 lower gums, teeth, and lips
 palate and part of tongue
 mandibular branch (motor):
 motor nuclei of pons

 Pathways:
 ophthalmic branch:
 superior orbital fissure
 maxillary branch:
 foramen rotundum
 mandibular branch:
 foramen ovale

 Destinations:
 sensory nerves:
 sensory nuclei in pons
 motor nerves of mandibular branch:
 muscles of mastication

 Trigeminal nerves:
 largest cranial nerves
 with 3 major branches
 Semilunar ganglion:
 contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

FACIAL NERVES (VII)

Figure 14–23
FACIAL NERVES (VII)
 mixed (sensory and motor) to face
 Origins:
 sensory:
 taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue
 motor:
 motor nuclei of pons

FACIAL NERVES (VII)
 Pathway:
 internal acoustic canals to facial canals (stylomastoid foramina)

FACIAL NERVES (VII)
 Destinations:
 sensory:
 sensory nuclei of pons
 somatic motor:
 muscles of facial expression
 visceral motor:
 tear and nasal mucous glands
 submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

 Facial nerve branches:
 temporal
 zygomatic
 buccal
 mandibular
 cervical branches

 Geniculate ganglia:
 hold cell bodies of sensory neurons
 Pterygopalatine ganglia:
 postganglionic fibers innervate glands (lacrimal, nasal cavity, and
pharynx)
 Submandibular ganglia:
 innervate salivary glands

THE VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
NERVES (VIII)

Figure 14–24
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
NERVES (VIII)
 Primary function: special sensory
 vestibular branch:
 balance and equilibrium
 cochlear branch:
 hearing
 Origin:
 receptors of inner ear

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
NERVES (VIII)
 Pathway:
 internal acoustic canals of temporal bones
 Destination:
 vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

 Vestibular branch:
 originates at receptors of vestibule (balance)
 connects to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
 Cochlear branch:
 originates at sensors of cochlea (hearing)
 connects with cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVES (IX)

Figure 14–25
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVES (IX)
 mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVES (IX)
 Destinations:
 sensory:
 sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata
 somatic motor:
 nerves involved in swallowing
 visceral motor:
 parotid salivary gland

 Superior and inferior ganglion:
 sensory neurons of tongue and pharynx
 Otic ganglion:
 synapse visceral motor fibers

VAGUS NERVES (X)

Figure 14–26
VAGUS NERVES (X)
 mixed (sensory and motor)
 of thorax and abdomen

VAGUS NERVES (X)
 Destinations:
 sensory:
 sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of medulla oblongata
 visceral motor:
 palate, pharynx
 digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems in thoracic and
abdominal cavities

VAGUS NERVE STRUCTURES
 Vagus nerves:
 branch and radiate extensively
 Jugular ganglion and inferior nodose ganglion:

 hold sensory neurons

ACCESSORY NERVES (XI)

Figure 14–27
 motor to muscles of neck and upper back
 Origin:
 motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata
 Pathway:
 jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones

 Destinations:
 internal branch:
 voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx
 external branch:
 sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

 Spinal root:
 motor fibers that originate in anterior gray horns of first 5 cervical
segments of spinal cord
 Cranial root:
 motor fibers that originate in medulla oblongata

 Internal branch:
 joins the vagus nerve
 External branch:
 controls muscles of neck and back

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES (XII)

Figure 14–27
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES (XII)
 motor (tongue movements)
 Origin:
 motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
 Pathway:
 hypoglossal canals of occipital bone
 Destination:
 muscles of tongue

Table 14-9 (1 of 2)
Table 14-9 (2 of 2)
CRANIAL REFLEXES
 Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs
 Involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves
 Clinically useful to check cranial nervous system

Table 14-10

The Brain and Cranial Nerves: Anwar Wardy W Dept. Neurology FKK Umj

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THE BRAIN

AND CRANIAL NERVES

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

Formed by ependymal cells and capillaries in the Choroid

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

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 Lateral sulcus divides:

 Parieto-occipital sulcus divides:

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dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

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dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

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dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w

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 Primary motor cortex:

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 Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe:

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dept. neurology fkk umj anwar wardy w