ARTHROLOGY

Biomedic I

Muh. Iqbal Basri

Department of Anatomy
Hasanuddin University

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Reference

 Agur, Anne M.R, Dalley, Arthur F.Grant's

Atlas of Anatomy, 12th Edition.
 Gray’s Anatomy for student
 Atlas of Spatelholz

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 Articulations of Bones of Trunk

The vertebral column

consists of 24 vertebrae,
the sacrum, and the
coccyx.
Joints of the vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs
between bodies of adjacent
vertebrae, composed of:
 Nucleus pulposus, an inner
soft, pulpy, highly elastic
structure (gelatinous core )
 Annulus fibrosus
an outer fibrous ring
consisting of fibrocartilage
Hemination of nucleus pulposus
 Anterior longitudinal ligament

 Strong band covering the anterior part of the

vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
running from the anterior margin of foramen
magnum to the S1~S2
 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc
and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral
column
Posterior longitudinal ligament
 Attached to the posterior aspect of the
intervertebral discs and posterior edges of
the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to
sacrum
 Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column
and posterior protrusion of the discs
Joints of the vertebral arches
 Ligamenta flava ― elastic
ligament, unite laminae of
adjacent vertebrae, and complete
the posterior wall of vertebral
canal; tend to prevent
hyperflexion of the vertebral
column
 Interspinal ligament
 Supraspinal ligament
 Ligamentum nuchae
 Intertansverse ligament
 Zygapophysial joint
Atlantooccipital joint

 Between superior
articulating surfaces of
atlas and occipital
condyles
 Supported by
membrances and
ligaments that join
occipital bone and atlas
 Action ― nodding of
head, lateral tilting of
head
Atlantoaxial joint
 Three synovial joints
between atlas and axis
 Laterally, paired joints
between articulating facets
 Median joint between dens
of axis and anterior arch of
atlas
 Supported by ligaments
 apical ligament of dens
 alar ligament
 transverse ligament of atlas
 tectorial membrane
 Action ― allow atlas (and
head) to pivot on the axis
and vertebral column
Normal Curves of vertebral column
 Cervical curvature
convex forward
 Thoracic curvature
convex backward
 Lumbar curvature
convex forward
 Sacral curvature
convex backward
Movement of the
vertebral column
 flexion
 extension
 lateral flexion
 rotation
Spina bifida cystica
Joints of skull

 Continuous joints:
sutures, synchondrosis
or synosteosis
Temporomandibular joint
 Aticulating surfaces
 Mandibular fossa and articular
tubercle, above
 Head of mandibule, below
 Capsule: thin and lax in front and
behind; strengthened by the
lateral ligament
 Articular disc: separates
surfaces, forming upper and
lower compartments within joint
 Movement: mandible may be
elevated or depressed,
protruded or retracted; rotation
may also occurs as in
chewing( a slight amount of side
to side movement is also
permitted)
Joints of limbs

Muh.Iqbal Basri
Department of Anatomy
Hasanuddin University
 Joints of upper limb
Joints of should girdle
 Sternoclavicular joint
 Bones: sternal end of clavicle,
clavicular notch of sternum, and
first costal cartilage
 Articular capsule: strong and is
reinforced by anterior and posterior
sternoclavicular ligaments
 An articular disc is attached to the
capsule, dividing the joint into two
cavities.
 Movements: elevation and
depression, forward and backward,
rotation and circumduction of the
acromial end of the clavicle
 coracoacromial
 Acromioclavicular joint acromion ligament
 Bones: acromion and coranoid process
acromial end of clavicle
 Movement: rotation of
scapula on clavicle
 Coracoacromial arch
formed by coracoacromial
ligament, coranoid process,
and acromion, that prevents the
shoulder joint
from superior dislocation
Joints of free upper limb
★Articulatio humeri
(ball and socket)
 Bones: head of humerus and
glenoid cavity of scapula
 Capsule:
 Thin and lax, especially lower
part
 Attachments: proximal to glenoid
labrum; distal to anatomical neck
of humerus, except medially
where it is slightly distal to
surgical neck
 Tendon of long head of biceps
brachii passes though the cavity
 Accessory structures
 Glenoid labrum:
fibrocartilaginous ring on
periphery of glenoid
cavity
 Coracohumeral ligament ：
runs from coracoid
process to greater
tubercle
 Movements: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, medial and
lateral rotation,
circumduction
★ Articulatio cubiti
 Bones: lower end of humerus, upper
ends of radius and ulna
 Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and
troclear noch (hinge)
 Humeroradial joint:
formed by capitulum of humerus and
head of radius (ball and socket)
 Proximal radioulnar joint: formed by
articular circumference of radius and
radial notch of ulna
 Capsule: thin and lax anteriorly and
posteriorly, strongly thickened on either
side by collateral ligaments
 Ligaments:
 Radial collateral ligament: attached to
lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of
radius
 Ulnar collateral ligament: attached to
medial epicondyle to medial border of
trochlear notch
 Annular ligament of radius: attached to
anterior and posterior margins of radial
notch of ulna, surrounds the head of
radius
 Movements: flexion and extension,
pronation and supination
Dislocation
Joints between radius and ulna
 Proximal radioulnar joint
 Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head
of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an
articular disc
 Interosseous membrane of forearm
: a fibrous membrane between the shaft
of radius and ulna
Joints of hand
★ Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
 Bones
 Carpal articular surface of radius
and articular disc below the ulna
 Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid,
lunate, and triquetral bones, but
not pisiform
 Capsule: lax and strengthened by
surrounding ligament
 Movements: flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction, and
circumduction
 Intercarpal joints
 Carpometacarpal joints:

★ Carpometacarpal joint
of thumb
 Bones: trapezium and
base of first metacarpal
 Movement: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, and
opposition
 Intermetacarpal joints
 Metacarpophalangeal
joints
 Interphalangeal joints
 Joints of Lower limb
Joints of pelvic girdle
 Sacroiliac joint

 Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium

 Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments

Vertebropelvic ligaments
 Iliolumbal ligament: runs from
transverse process of L5 to the
posterosuperior part of iliac
crest
★ Sacrotuberous ligament: runs
from lateral margins of sacrum
and coccyx to the inner margin
of ischial tuberosity
★ Sacrospinous ligament: runs
from ischial spine to lateral
margins of sacrum and coccyx
 These two ligaments convert
the sciatic notches the greater
and lesser sciatic foramina
 Pubic symphysis

 Articulation: symphysial
surface and interpubic
disc (fibrocartilage)
 Ligaments: superior
pubic ligament and
arcuate pubic ligament
 Obturator membrane

obturator canal
 Bony pelvis
Composition: formed by paired hip
bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their
articulations
 In anatomical position, anterior
superior iliac spines and pubic
tubercles on same vertical plane,
while the tip of coccyx and superior
border of pubic symphysis on same
horizontal plane
 Terminal line: formed by promontory
of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of
pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of
pubic symphysis
 Two portions: a greater pelvis and a
lesser pelvis
Lesser pelvis
 pelvic inlet
(terminal line):
 Pelvic outlet : formed
by tip of coccyx,
sacrotuberous ligament,
ischial tuberosity,
ramus of ischium,
inferior ramus of pubic,
symphysis
 Pelvic cavity

 Pubic arch, subpubic

angle
Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Female Male

Pelvic inlet

Pelvic outet

Pelvic cavity

Pubic arch
90~1000 70~750
Main difference between male and femal pelvis

Male Female
Overall Narrow and long Wide and short
Iliac ala More vertical More horizontal
Inlet Oval or heart shaped Round
Subpubic Acute angle (about Right angle (about
angle 70~750) 90~1000)
Pelvic cavity Deep narrow Shallower, wide
Outlet Small Larger
 Joints of free lower limb
★ Articulatio coxae
 Bones: acetabulum and
femoral head
 Articular capsule attachments
 Above: margins of acetabulum
and transverse acetebular
ligament
 Below: in front to
intertrochanteric line; behind, to
the neck of femur above 1 cm
above the intertrochanteric
crest
 Accessory structures
 Acetabulum labrum;
transverse acetebular Acetabulum labrum
ligament
 Ligaments Ligament of head
 Iliofemoral lig. of femur
 Ligament of head of
femur
 Pubofemoral lig.
 Ischiofemoral ligament
 Zona orbicularis
 Movement: flexion,
extention, adduction,
abduction, medial and Transverse
lateral rotation, acetebular lig.
circumduction
 Pubofemoral
lig.

Iliofemoral
lig.

Ischiofemoral
lig.

Zona orbicularis
★Articulatio Genu
 Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella

 Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar

bursa ala folds
 Accessory structures
 ligaments
 Patellar lig.
 Fibular collateral lig.
 Tibial collateral lig.

Fibular
collateral
Patellar lig. lig.
Tibial collateral
lig.
 Oblique popliteal ligament
 Anterior cruciate ligment
 Posterior cruciateligament
  Medial meniscus (C-shaped)
 lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
 Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint
may be passively rotated through 700

lateral
Medial
Tibiofibular syndesmosis

 Tibiofibular joint
 Crural interosseous
membrane
 Anterior and posterior
tibiofibular ligaments
Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
 Bones: lower ends of tibia
and fibula, trochlea of talus
 Articular capsule: thin and
lax in front and behind, and
supported on each side by
strong collateral ligaments
 Ligaments
 Medial lig.
 Lateral lig.
 Anterior talofibular lig.
 Calcaneofibular lig.
 Posterior talofibular lig.

 Movements: dosiflexion
(extension) and plantar
flexion (flexion); when the
ankle joint is fully plantar
flexed, small amounts of
abduction, and adduction
are possible
 Intertarsal joints
 Talocalcaneal joint
 Talocalcaneonavicular joint
 Calcaneocuboid joint transverse tarsal joint

 Tarsometatarsal joints

 Intermetatarsal joints

 Metatarsophalangeal
joints
 Interphalangeal joints
Arches of foot (Arcus pedis)
 Medial longitudinal arch: formed by calcaneus,
navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third
metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of
this arch
 Lateral longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth
metatarsals; cuboid is is the keystone of this arch
 Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all
metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the
keystone of this arch
 Function: give to foot strength stability and
resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves
Normal arch Flatfoot
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