Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Introduction
• Some features of cold-formed EC3
– Materials
– Geometry
– Local and distortional buckling
– Member resistance
– Design assisted by testing
– Beams restrained by sheeting
• Numerical example
The Eurocodes
• Upper limit:
– r ≥ 0.04tE/fy test is necessary
• Lower (optional) limit:
– r ≤ 5t and r ≤ 0.1bp the effect can be neglected
Geometrical limits
• Flexural buckling:
– Resistance is calculated on the effective area
– However, a reduced slenderness is used to
calculate the reduction factor
– fya can be used for fully effective sections
Buckling res. for comp. - torsion
• Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling:
– basically the same as flexural buckling
– numerical methods for calculation of critical force is
allowed with the gross cross-section
– guidance for end-conditions is given for some
practical cases
Buckling resistance for bending
• The given method can only be used:
– for practically rigid cross-sections
– if no significant angle between principal axes of
gross and effective cross-sections
• Buckling resistance is obtained from cross-sectional
bending resistance, with a reduction factor (cLT)
• For reduction: a special LT buckling curve is used
• Resistance is calculated on the effective area
• However, a reduced slenderness is used to calculate
the reduction factor
• fya can be used for fully effective sections
Buckling res. for bending – contnd.
• Second-order moments may be necessary to consider
• Interaction for double symmetrical cross-sections:
– reference to Part 1.1
– two methods („German” vs. „French”)
• Interaction for other cross-sections
Serviceability limit states
• Relevant norms:
– EN 1990 (Basis of design)
– EN 1993-1-1 (General rules for steel)
– EN 1993-1-3 (Cold-formed)
• Only guidance is given, limit values (deflection, etc)
must be agreed with the client
• For cold-formed:
– Fictitious moment of inertia is proposed
– Influence of slip must be considered
Design assisted by test
• Long list of principles are given:
– planning, execution, evaluation and documentation
• Several specific tests are described
– Tests on profiled sheets (single-span, double-span,
internal support, end-support tests)
– Tests on beams/columns (stub column, member
buckling, cross-s. tension, c.s. bending)
– Tests on assemblages / structures (acceptance,
strength, prototype failure, calibration)
– Tests on torsionally restrained beams (…, …)
Design assisted by test – contnd.
• Combination of tests and mathematical models is
allowed
• Evaluation of test results:
Measured data
Adjusted results
Mean value
Characteristic value
Design value
Beams restrained by sheeting
• Basic model:
• Verification:
– Normal force + „vertical” bending + lateral bending
– Buckling
EXAMPLE
Thank you.
elastic
plastic
plastic
shear buckling
shear yielding