Radiography of welds

ALL CRITICAL WELDS REQUIRE ONE OR MORE METHODS

OF NDT TO ASSURE QUALITY , ENSURE SAFETY AND
PROVIDE OVERALL SYSTEM RELIABILITY.
RADIOGRAPHY IS ONE OF THE ESSENTIAL METHODS TO
CERTIFIY THE WELD FOR ITS SOUNDNESS, BECAUSE IT
PROVIDES
1. A PERMANENT RECORD
2. A BEST METHOD TO RECORD ALL VOLUME
DISCONTINUITIES,
3. THE RADIATION SOURCES ARE SUITABLE TO
OPERATE AT BOTH FIELD AND SHOP FLOORS
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TECHNIQUES; SWSI
 SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE TECHNIQUE,SWSI.
 RADIATION PENETRATES ONE WALL AND ONE
WALL IMAGE IS OBTAINED FOR
INTERPRETATION.
 SHALL BE PRACTICED WHENEVER
PRACTICABLE.
 ALL THE DESIRED QUALITY OF A RADIOGRAPH
SUCH AS HIGHEST CONTRAST, ADEQUATE
DENSITY, LEAST DISTORTION, SHARPEST
DEFINITION ARE EASILY ACHIEVED BY THIS
TECHNIQUE.
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DWSI-DOUBLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE
 WHEN EITHER SOURCE OR THE FILM CAN NOT BE
PLACED INSIDE THE PIPE (NORMALLY LONG PIPE
LINES) DWDI IS THE ONLY CHOICE TO PRACTICE.
 RADIATION PENETRATES TWO WALLS AND IMAGE IS
OBTAINED FOR ONE WALL –THE WALL CLOSEST TO
FILM AND FARTHEST FROM THE SOURCE.
 THE ENTIRE CIRCUMFRENCE IS DIVIDED SUITABLY TO
ACCOMADATE EXPOSURE REQUIREMENTS AND FILM
SIZE.- SEE THE NOTES
 LOCATION MARKERS, IQI, ARE ALL PLACED ON THE
FILM SIDE AS THERE IS NO OTHR CHOICE.

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 DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE –
DWDI.
 PIPES WELD HAVING LESS THAN 3.5 INCH DIA., NEITHER
SWSI, NOR DWSI CAN BE PRACTICED.
 DWDI IS THE ONLY CHOICE.
 RADIATION PENETRATES TWO WALLS AND TWO
IMAGES ARE OBTAINED FOR INTERPRETATION BY OFF
SETTING THE SOURCE TO GET AN ELLIPTICAL SHOT. IN
ORDER TO PRODUCE A RADIOGRAPH WITH MINIMUM Ug
LARGE SFD SHALL BE GIVEN TAKING OD AS THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND FILM.
 AT THE EXTREEME CONE OF RADIATION THE WALL
THICKNESS CONSIDERABLY INCREASES FOR
PENETRATING RADIATION AND THIS AREA DO NOT
PRODUCE SUITABLE IMAGE WITH REQUIRED DENSITY.
 HENCE TWO EXPOSURES ARE ESSENTIAL AT 90° APART.4
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 DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE –
DWDI.
 PIPES WELD HAVING LESS THAN 3.5 INCH DIA., NEITHER
SWSI, NOR DWSI CAN BE PRACTICED.
 DWDI IS THE ONLY CHOICE.
 RADIATION PENETRATES TWO WALLS AND TWO
IMAGES ARE OBTAINED FOR INTERPRETATION. IN
ORDER TO PRODUCE A RADIOGRAPH WITH MINIMUM Ug
LARGE SFD SHALL BE GIVEN TAKING OD AS THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECT AND FILM.
 AT THE EXTREEME CONE OF RADIATION THE WALL
THICKNESS CONSIDERABLY INCREASES FOR
PENETRATING RADIATION AND THIS AREA DO NOT
PRODUCE SUITABLE IMAGE WITH REQUIRED DENSITY.
 HENCE TWO EXPOSURES ARE ESSENTIAL AT 90
DEGREE ARE ESSENTIAL.
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DOUBLE WALL SUPERIMPOSED
TECHNIQUE:
 THICK WALL TUBES HAVING OD/ID RATIO
>1.414 DWDI TECHNIQUE WILL NOT COVER
COMPLETE AREA FOR INSPECTION.
 SO DOUBLE WALL SUPER IMPOSED
TECHNIQUE IS PRACTICED BY PLACING THE
SOURCE VERTICALLY ABOVE THE WELD AND
BOTH THE IMAGES ARE SUPERIMPOSED ONE
ABOVE THE OTHER.
 MINIMUM THREE EXPOSURES AT 120
DEGREE APART ARE REQUIRED, BUT ACTUAL
NUMBER OF SHOTS REQUIRED = 1.7(OD/ID),
CORRECT TO THE NEXT HIGHEST INTEGER.
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES.
 SWSI:
 PLATE WELDS, CIRCUMFRENTIAL AND
LONGITUDINAL JOINTS IN LARGE VESSELS,
CASTINGS,
 STORAGE TANKS, HORTONSPHERES,
 ASSEMBLIES

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SWSI PARAMETERS
WELD TYPE SFD IQI ENERGY
CONE
ANGLE
PLATE-BUTT T{f/ug+1} SS For single Half cone
wall angle 23°

CS –LARGE SAME SS FOR PANAROMA

DIA AS SINGLE IC Source at
ABOVE WALL the centre
CS- SAME SS SAME AS SOURCE
AS ABOVE INSIDE FILM
ABOVE OUTSIDE-
PREFERED
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 DWSI EXPOSURE PARAMETERS

 * OUT SIDE BETWEEN A & B

 FILM OUT SIDE A * B
 IQI F SIDE
 ENERGY=
C
 2 WALL THK F
 DE IS THE

E D
 PRESENT SEGMENT DE
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DWDI PIPE OD < 3.5 “
*
*
 * OFF SET
 SFD=OD{f/Ug+1}
 IQI SS SIDE

 FILM OUTSIDE, DOUBLE WALL VIEWING

 ELLIPTICAL EXPOSURE –2 EXP. IF OD/ID < 1.414
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DW SUPER IMPOSED
PIPES OD < 3.5 “ BUT FOR HEAVY WALL THICKNESS
THAT IS OD/ID RATIO > 1.414
MINIMUM 3 EXP. ACTUAL NUMBER OF EXP= 1.7(OD/ID)
IMAGES OF SS AND FS ARE SUPERIMPOSED.
*

1 2

3 4
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 HINTS FOR PRACTICE
AS THE RADIATION CONE IS DIVERGING THE FILM SHALL
BE PREFERABLY PLACED ON CONVEX SIDE –AVOID ON
CONCAVE SIDE AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE.
THE SELECTION OF SOURCE DEPENDS UPON THE HVT
THICKNESS OF THE JOB UNDER INVESTIGATION, TO GET
THE REQUIRED CONTRAST ON THE FILM THE JOB
THICKNESS SHALL BE AT LEAST 2HVTS OR MORE w.r.t TO
THE SOURCE.
CORRECT EXPOSURE GIVES A SATISFACTORY
RADIOGRAPH, IMPROPER EXP. SHALL NOT BE
COMPENSATED WITH TIME OF DEVELOPMENT.
HIGHEST CONTRAST, ADEQUATE DENSITY, SHARPEST
DEFN, & LEAST DISTORTION ARE THE BASIC
REQUIREMENT
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RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE
QUALITY- SENSITIVITY
2-2T LEVEL OF INSPECTION:
THE FIRST 2 FOR CONTRAST AND 2T FOR DEFN.
IMAGE QUALITY DEPENDS BOTH ON CONTRAST AND
DFN.
SENSITIVITY

I Q I
CONTRAST DEFN
2 2T
2
SUBJECT FILM Ug Uf Ui Um
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 REASONS FOR POOR QUALTIY
RADIOGRAPHS.
1. ARTIFACTS
2. WRONG SELECTION OF SOURCE/ENERGY
3. WRONG SELECTION OF TECHNIQUE
4. SHORT SFD AND LONG OFD
5. WRONG SELECTION OF FILM, SCREEN AND FILM
SCREEN COMBINATION
6. PREVENTION OF BACK SCATTER, SIDE SCTTER
AND FORWARD SCATTER
7. IMPROPER PROCESSING
8. POOR ILLUMINATOR & ILLUMINATION
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