Metabolisme & Bioenergetik

Metabolisme

• Definisi: rangkaian reaksi-reaksi kimia

dalam sel, terjadi secara simultan dan
saling berhubungan satu dengan yang
lain
– Anabolisme
– Katabolisme
– Ampibolic
Overview Metabolisme
Karbohidrat
Overview of fatty acid metabolism
 Anabolisme
• Biosintesis senyawa biomolekul
(glikogen, protein, trigliserida)
• Butuh Energi (endergonic).
• ATP: ADP + Pi (ATP-ADP cycle)
• Misal
– Glikogenesis
– Glukoneogenesis
– Biosintesa asam lemak
– Biosintesa protein
 Katabolisme
• Pemecahan molekul besar : molekul kecil
(glukosa, asetil KoA, Asam amino) CO2 dan
Energi (ATP)
– CO2 : sirkulasi
– ATP : dibebaskan setelah elektron ditransfer ke
O2
• Mis:
– Glikolisis
– Glikogenolisis
– Oksidasi asam lemak
Sumber Energi
Energy relations between catabolic and
anabolic pathways
 Bioenergetic
•Cellular energy transfor-
mations.
•Transfer and utilization of
energy in biologic systems.
ATP
 ATP..
• ATP : adenosine (adenine + ribose) to which three
phosphate groups are attached
– If one phosphate is removed, ADP is produced
– if two phosphates are removed, adenosine
monophosphate (AMP) results.
• The standard free energy of hydrolysis of ATP,
ΔGo, is approximately -7.3 kcal/mol for each of
the two terminal phosphate groups.
• Because of this large, negative ΔGo, ATP is called
a high-energy phosphate compound
 The ATP-ADP cycle

In cells: the chemical bond energy of fuels is transformed into the physiologic
responses necessary for life
 Energy
• Mechanical work
– muscle contraction
– transport work (Na⁺ gradient generated by Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase).
• Biochemical work (energy-requiring chemical reactions),
anabolic pathways or detoxification reactions.
• Phosphoryl transfer reactions
– protein conformational changes
– formation of activated intermediates containing high energy bonds (
UDP-sugars) facilitate these energy transformations.
• Transformed into heat.
 ATP homeostasis
• Fuel oxidation: regulated to maintain ATP
homeostasis.
• ATP within the cell is maintained at a constant
level by appropriate increases or decreases in
the rate of fuel oxidation.
• Problems in ATP homeostasis and energy
balance : obesity, hyperthyroidism, and
myocardial infarction
BIOCHEMICAL WORK
Standard Free Energies of Phosphate Hydrolysis
 High Energy Bonds
• Any bond that can be hydrolyzed with the release
of energy >, ATP is called a high energy bond.
– ATP, UTP, GTP, CTP
• UTP : combining sugars
• CTP :lipid synthesis
• GTP : protein synthesis.
– OTHER COMPOUNDS WITH HIGH-ENERGY BONDS
• Facilitate energy transfer in anabolic and catabolic path-ways
– 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate in glycolysis
– acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle
• Sorage
– Creatine phosphate
 UTP, GTP, and CTP
• Energetically equivalent to ATP and are
synthesized from ATP by nucleoside
diphosphokinases and nucleoside mono-
phosphokinases.
 ENERGY FROM FUEL OXIDATION
• Fuel oxidation provides energy for bodily
processes principally through generation of
the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FAD(2H).
• Generate ATP : oxidative phosphorylation.
• Fuel oxidation also generates NADPH :used
directly in energy-requiring processes
• Carbohydrates: generate ATP through a non-
oxidative pathway, called an-aerobic
glycolysis.
Energy transformations in oxidative phosphorylation.
• Negative ΔG: If ΔG is a negative number, there is a net
loss of energy, and the reaction goes spontaneously.
The reaction is said to be exergonic.
• Positive ΔG: If ΔG is a positive number, there is a net
gain of energy, and the reaction does not go
spontaneously from B to A.Energy must be added to
the system to make the reaction go from B to A, and
the reaction is said to be endergonic.
• ΔG is zero: If ΔG = 0, the reactants are in equilibrium.