Konstruksi Kapal II

Dr. Eng. Ahmad Fauzan Zakki, ST. MT

Fore End Structure (Konstruksi Ceruk
Depan)
• Consideration is given in this subject to the
structure forward of the collision bulkhead
• The chain locker is included as it is usually fitted
forward of the collision bulkhead below the
second deck or upper deck, or in the forecastle
itself
• The panting stiffening arrangements are of
particular importance
Fore End Structure (Konstruksi Ceruk
Depan)
• On the forecastle deck the heavy windlass
seating is securely fastened, and given
considerable support

• The deck plating thickness is increased locally,

and smaller pillars with heavier beams and local
fore and aft intercostals, or a centre line pillar
bulkhead, may be fitted below the windlass
Stem (Haluan Kapal)
• On many conventional ships a stem bar, which is
a solid round bar, is fitted from the keel to the
waterline region, and a radiused plate is fitted
above the waterline to form the upper part of the
stem

• This forms what is referred to as a ‘soft nose’

stem, which in the event of a collision will buckle
under load, keeping the impact damage to a
minimum
Stem (Haluan Kapal)
• Small ships such as tugs and trawlers have a
solid stem bar extending to the top of the bow,
and some existing large passenger ships may
have steel castings or forgings forming the lower
part of the stem

• A specially designed bow is required for ships

assigned ‘icebreaker’ notation and additional
scantlings are required for the stems of ships
assigned other ice classes
Bulbous Bow
• Vessels operating at higher speeds, and those with
high block coefficients, are often found to have a
bulbous or protruding bow below the waterline

• to reduce the vessel’s resistance to motion under

certain conditions

• From the construction point of view the bulbous

bow does not present any great difficulty if this
aspect has been considered when the bulb form is
designed
Bulbous Bow
• Floors are fitted at every frame space in the bulb, and a
centre line wash bulkhead is introduced when the bulb is
large

• Transverses are fitted at about every fifth frame in long

bulbs

• Smaller bulbs have a centre line web but not a wash

bulkhead; and in all bulbous bows horizontal diaphragm
plates are fitted

• Shell plating covering the bulb has an increased

thickness similar to that of a radiused plate stem below
the waterline
1 . Chain locker
2. Fore peak tank
3. Boatwain’s store
4. Bulbous bow’
5. Fashion plate
6. Breast hook
7. Second deck
8. Upper deck
9. Forecastle deck
10 . Center division
11 . Wash plate
12 . Collision bulkhead
13 . Side stringer
14 . Panting stringer plate
15 . Panting beam
16 . Pillar
17 . Frame
18 . Tank side bracket
19 . Beam bracket
20 . Beam
21 . Deck girder
22 . Center girder
23 . Rider plate
24 . Horizontal
stiffener
25 . Deep floor
26 . Panting stringer
under beam
27 . Rib
28 . Shell long.
29 . Keel
30 . Plate stem
1 . Chain locker
2. Fore peak tank
3. Boatwain’s store
4. Bulbous bow’
5. Fashion plate
6. Breast hook
7. Second deck
8. Upper deck
9. Forecastle deck
10 . Center division
11 . Wash plate
12 . Collision bulkhead
13 . Side stringer
14 . Panting stringer plate
15 . Panting beam 25 . Deep floor
20 . Beam
16 . Pillar 26 . Panting stringer
21 . Deck girder
17 . Frame under beam
22 . Center girder
18 . Tank side bracket 27 . Rib
23 . Rider plate
19 . Beam bracket 28 . Shell long.
24 . Horizontal
29 . Keel
stiffener
30 . Plate stem
1 . Chain locker
2. Fore peak tank
3. Boatwain’s store
4. Bulbous bow’
5. Fashion plate
6. Breast hook
7. Second deck
8. Upper deck
9. Forecastle deck
10 . Center division
11 . Wash plate
12 . Collision bulkhead
13 . Side stringer
14 . Panting stringer plate
15 . Panting beam
16 . Pillar
17 . Frame
18 . Tank side bracket
19 . Beam bracket
20 . Beam
21 . Deck girder
22 . Center girder
23 . Rider plate
24 . Horizontal
stiffener
25 . Deep floor
26 . Panting stringer
under beam
27 . Rib
28 . Shell long.
29 . Keel
30 . Plate stem
Chain Locker
• A chain locker is often arranged in the position forward of the
collision bulkhead, below either the main deck or the second
deck

• It can also be fitted in the forecastle or aft of the collision

bulkhead, in which case it must be watertight and have proper
means of drainage

• Chain locker dimensions are determined in relation to the

length and size of cable, the depth being such that the cable is
easily stowed, and a direct lead at all times is provided to the
mouth of the chain pipe

• Port and starboard cables are stowed separately in the locker,

and the inboard ends of each are secured to the bottom of the
centre line bulkhead or underside of deck
Construction of Chain Locker
• The locker does not as a rule have the same breadth as
the ship, but has conventionally stiffened forward and
side bulkheads

• the stiffeners being conveniently arranged outside the

locker if possible to prevent their being damaged

• A false bottom may be formed by perforated plates on

bearers arranged at a height above the floor of the locker

• Where fitted this provides a mudbox which can be

cleaned and is drained by a centre line suction, the
bottom plating sloping inboard
Construction of Chain Locker
• To separate the locker into port and starboard
compartments a centre line bulkhead is fitted

• This bulkhead does not extend to the crown of the locker,

but allows working space above the two compartments

• Access to the bottom of the locker is provided by means

of foot holes cut in the bulkhead, and the stiffeners fitted
to this bulkhead are of the vertical flush cope bar type

• The upper edge of the bulkhead is similarly stiffened and

may provide a standing platform, with a short ladder
leading from the hatch in the deck forming the crown of
the locker
Construction of Chain Locker
• Each cable is fed to the appropriate locker
compartment through port and starboard chain
pipes from the forecastle deck
• These chain pipes or spurling pipes are of
tubular construction with castings or other
rounded end mouldings to prevent chafing
Hawse Pipe
• To provide an easy lead for the cable from the windlass
to the anchors, the hawse pipes must be carefully fitted

• In the past it was not uncommon for a temporary scale

model of the relevant fore end structure to be
constructed

• the positions of the hawse pipes experimented with in

order to obtain the best chain lead to ensure the anchor
could be raised and lowered smoothly and housed
properly

• Today this can be achieved with the CAD hull model

Construction of Hawse Pipe
• Tubular hawse pipes are generally fabricated, and
castings are welded at the shell and deck to prevent
chafing

• Additional stiffening in way of the hawse pipes is

required at the side shell

• On higher speed vessels a recess is often provided in

the shell for anchor stowage

• this helps to reduce any drag caused by the stowed

anchor and prevents serious damage in the event of
a collision
 Scantlings of Fore Peak Members

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.18. E.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.12. G.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11. B.3.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.9.A.5.2.1

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.9.A.5.2

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.13.B.2

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11.A.2.1.
BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11. B.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.13.B.1

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.8.A.1.2.3

Floors, BKI, Vol.2. Sec.8.A.1.2.3
Stem and Plate Stem, BKI, Vol.2.
Sec.13.B.1 and B.2
Panting Beam, BKI, Vol.2. Sec.9.A.5.2.2
Wash Bulkhead, BKI, Vol.2. Sec.12. G
Chain Locker, BKI, Vol.2. Sec.18. E
Bulkhead stiffener, BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11. B.3.
Panting Stringer, BKI, Vol.2. Sec.9.A.5.2.1
Collision Bulkhead, BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11.A.2.1. and
BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11. B.
After End Structure
• Considerable attention is paid to the stern in order
to improve flow into and away from the propeller
• The cruiser stern (see Figure 21.1) was for many
years the favored stern type for ocean going ships,
but today most of these vessels have a transom stern
(see Figure 21.2)
• A cruiser stern presents a more pleasant profile and
is hydrodynamically efficient, but the transom stern
offers a greater deck area aft, is a simpler
construction, and can also provide improved flow
around the stern
Stern Construction
• As the cruiser stern overhang may be subjected to large slamming
forces a substantial construction with adequate stiffening is
required

• Solid floors are fitted at every frame space, and a heavy centre line
girder is fitted right aft at the shell and decks The stern plating is
stiffened by cant frames or webs with short cant beams supporting
the decks and led to the adjacent heavy transverse deck beam

• Further stiffening of the plating is provided, or adopted in lieu of

cant frames, by horizontal stringers extending to the first transverse
frame

• Cant frames are not required where the transom stern is adopted, as
the flat stern plating may be stiffened with vertical stiffeners (Figure
21.2). Deep floors and a centre line girder are provided at the lower
region of the transom stern construction
 BKI, Vol.2. Sec.7. B.3 BKI, Vol.2. Sec.10.B.4

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.10. B.4.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.9. A.4. BKI, Vol.2. Sec.7. A.7.1

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11. B.3. BKI, Vol.2. Sec.11. B.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.10. B.4. BKI, Vol.2. Sec.9.A.5.2

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.8.A.1.2.3

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.7. B.3

 BKI, Vol.2. Sec.9. A.4.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.8.A.1.2.3

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.13.C.2

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.3.D.2

BKI,
Vol.2.
Sec.11. B.

BKI, Vol.2. Sec.8.A.1.2.3

1 . After peak tank
2 . Rudder stock trunk
3. Stern frame
4. Rudder
5. Deep floor
6. Tank top plate
7. Upper deck
8. After peak bulkhead
Stuffing box bulkhead
9. Cant frame
10 . Cement
11 . Inner bottom plate
12 . Panting stringer
13 . Transom floor
14 . Rib
15 . Gudgeon
16. Crown 17 . Boss 21 . Deck beam 25. Beam bracket
18 . Propeller post 22 . Frame 26. Floor
19 . Heel piece 23 . Horizontal stiffener 27. Wash plate
20 . Deck girder 24. Panting beam
1 . After peak tank
2 . Rudder stock trunk
3. Stern frame
4. Rudder
5. Deep floor
6. Tank top plate
7. Upper deck
8. After peak bulkhead
Stuffing box bulkhead
9. Cant frame
10 . Cement
11 . Inner bottom plate
12 . Panting stringer
13 . Transom floor
14 . Rib
15 . Gudgeon
16. Crown 17 . Boss 21 . Deck beam 25. Beam bracket
18 . Propeller post 22 . Frame 26. Floor
19 . Heel piece 23 . Horizontal stiffener 27. Wash plate
20 . Deck girder 24. Panting beam
1 . After peak tank
2 . Rudder stock trunk
3. Stern frame
4. Rudder
5. Deep floor
6. Tank top plate
7. Upper deck
8. After peak bulkhead
Stuffing box bulkhead
9. Cant frame
10 . Cement
11 . Inner bottom plate
12 . Panting stringer
13 . Transom floor
14 . Rib
15 . Gudgeon
16. Crown 17 . Boss 21 . Deck beam 25. Beam bracket
18 . Propeller post 22 . Frame 26. Floor
19 . Heel piece 23 . Horizontal stiffener 27. Wash plate
20 . Deck girder 24. Panting beam
Stern Frame
• The stern frame of a ship may be cast, forged, or
fabricated from steel plate and sections
• Of particular interest is the connection of the stern
frame to the hull structure for, if this is not
substantial, the revolving propeller supported by the
stern frame may set up serious vibrations
• The rudder post is carried up into the main hull and
connected to the transom floor which has an
increased plate thickness
• the propeller post may be extended into the hull and
connected to a deep floor, the lower sole piece being
carried forward and connected to the keel plate
Rudders
• Many of the rudders which are found on present-day ships are semi
balanced, i.e. they have a small proportion of their lateral area
forward of the turning axis (less than 20 per cent)
• Modern rudders are of streamlined form except those on small
vessels, and are fabricated from steel plate, the plate sides being
stiffened by internal webs
• Where the rudder is fully fabricated, one side plate is prepared and
the vertical and horizontal stiffening webs are welded to this plate
• The other plate, often called the ‘closing plate’, is then welded to the
internal framing from the exterior only
• This may be achieved by welding flat bars to the webs prior to fitting
the closing plate, and then slot welding the plate as shown in Figure
21.4
• Other rudders may have a cast frame and webs with welded side and
closing plates which are also shown in Figure 21.4
Steering Gear
• Unless the main steering gear comprises two or more identical power units,
every ship is to be provided with a main steering gear and an auxiliary
steering gear

• The main steering gear is to be capable of putting the rudder over from 35°
on one side to 35° on the other side with the ship at its deepest draft and
running ahead at maximum service speed, and under the same conditions
from 35° on either side to 30° on the other side in not more than 28 seconds

• The auxiliary steering gear is to be capable of putting the rudder over 15° on
one side to 15° on the other side in not more than 60 seconds with the ship
at its deepest draft and running ahead at half the maximum service speed or
7 knots whichever is greater

• Power operated auxiliary steering gear is required if necessary to meet the

forgoing requirement or where the rudder stock diameter exceeds 230 mm
Stern Tube
• A stern tube forms the after bearing for the
propeller shaft, and incorporates the watertight
gland where the shaft passes through the intact
hull
• Two forms of stern tube are in use, that most
commonly fitted having water lubricated
bearings with the after end open to the sea. The
other type is closed at both ends and has metal
bearing surfaces lubricated by oil
 Engine Room
1 . Center girder
2. Side girder
3. Solid floor
4. Bottom long.
5. Tank top plating
6. Tank top bracket
7. Horizontal margin plate
8. Frame
9. Web frame
10. Auxiliary engine bed
11 . Main engine bed
12 . Engine bed bracket
13 . Beam bracket
14 . Engine room flatform
15 . Deck beam
16 . Tween deck frame
17 . Upper deck
18 . Cabin wall
19 . Wall side stiffener
20 . Horizontal stiffener
21 . Engine room pillar
22 . Engine casing
23 . Engine room recess
24 . Engine opening
25 . Saloon deck
26 . Curtain plate
27 . Bulwark plate
28 . Sheer strake
29 . Side plating
30 . Bilge strake
31 . Bottom plating .
32 . Keel
33 . Engine girder
34 . Docking bracket
35 . Bilge keel
36 . Vertical stiffener
37 . Strut
38 . Bracket to margin
plate
39. Half depth girder
40 . Boat deck