Section 1.

1 Functions

A function f from D into R is a rule that assigns to each

element x  D a unique element y  R.
The set D is called the domain of f and the set of image
of D under f is called the range of f.

1.5 domain range eve odd 1

functions
 f
a. .x

P Q
b. .y

c. .z

Domain of f : { a, b, c}
Is f a function? YES!
Range of f : {x, y, z}

1.5 domain range eve odd 2

functions
 g
a. .x

P Q
b. .y

c. .z

Domain of g: { a, b, c}
Is g a function? YES!
Range of g: {x, y}

1.5 domain range eve odd 3

functions
 h
a. .x

P Q
.y

c. .z

Domain of h: { a, c}
Is h a function? YES!
Range of h: {x, y}

1.5 domain range eve odd 4

functions
 i
a. .x

P Q
b. .y

c. .z

Is i a function? NO!
i is not a function because ……..

1.5 domain range eve odd 5

functions
 How graph of a function supposed to be?
Vertical line test: A curve in a plane is a graph of a function if
no vertical line intersects the curve in more than one point.

Yes! This is a graph of a No! This is not a graph of

function because… a function because…

1.5 domain range eve odd 6

functions
 Vertical Line Test
• A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a
function of x if and only if no vertical line
intersects the curve more than once

1.5 domain range eve odd 7

functions
Determine whether the following
are graphs of functions

1.5 domain range eve odd 8

functions
 f(x)
25 x=t^2-2, y=5-2t, A parabola

20

15

10

x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-5

-10

1.5 domain range eve odd 9

functions
 f(x) r(t)=cos (2t)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2
1.5 domain range eve odd 10
functions
 f(x) r(t)=sin ((8t)/5)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2
1.5 domain range eve odd 11
functions
 f(x)
8
f(x)=2cos(x)+sin(2x)

x
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
1.5 domain range eve odd 12
functions
 f(x)
r(t)=cos(4t) A rose with eight leaves
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
1.5 domain range eve odd 13
functions
 f(x)
r(t)=2sqrt(cos(2t)) Lemniscate
2

1.5

0.5

x
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

1.5 domain
-2.5
range eve odd 14
functions
 f(x)
f(x)=1/(x^2+2x+2)
2.5

1.5

0.5

x
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
1.5 domain range eve odd 15
functions
 f(x)
r(t)=(e^cos(t))-2(cos(4t))+(sin(t/4))^3
5 Butterfly !!

x
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

-1

-2

-3

-4

1.5 domain range eve odd 16

functions
 f(x) f(x)=0.6x+24cos(0.4x)+0.2x
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
x
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35 1.5 domain range eve odd 17

functions
 f(x)
x(t)=sin(3t) , y(t)=sin(4t)
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
1.5 domain range eve odd 18
functions
 f(x)
x(t)=t +sin(2t) , y(t)=t+sin(3t)
8

x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-2

-4

-6

-8

1.5 domain range eve odd 19

functions
Domain & Range

1.5 domain range eve odd 20

functions
 Linear Functions

Domain of P ? { x  (-, + ) } = R

{ y  (-, + ) } = R
Range of P ?
1.5 domain range eve odd 21
functions
 Quadratic function

Domain of f : { x  (-, + ) } = R
Range of f : { y  [0, +) }

1.5 domain range eve odd 22

functions
 Cubic function
f(x)
f(x)=x^3
2

1.5

0.5

x
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

Domain of f ? { x  (-, + ) } = R

1.5 domain range eve odd 23

functions
What can we conclude about
the domain of polynomials?

1.5 domain range eve odd 24

functions
 Domain & range

Domain of f : { x  - < x  0 }
Range of f : { y  0  y <  }
1.5 domain range eve odd 25
functions
 Rational Functions
f

Domain of f ? {x | (,0)  (0,)}

Range of f ? { y | (,0)  (0,)}
1.5 domain range eve odd 26
functions
 Rational Functions

Domain of R? {x | (,2)  (2,)}

Range of R?1.5 domain range eve odd{ y | (0,  )} 27

functions
 Question: how to find the domain of a
function without looking at the graph?

1
Ex 1: Find the domain of f ( x)  2 .
x 9

Df= All real numbers except -3 & 3 or can be

written as Df= { x (-, -3)  (-3, 3)  (3,+)}.

1.5 domain range eve odd 28

functions
Ex 2: Find the domain of g ( x )  x  3.

5
Ex 3: Find the domain of f ( x)  .
x2  4

Solution :
Ex 2 : [3, )

Ex 3 : ( ,2)  (2,)

1.5 domain range eve odd 29

functions
Even & Odd functions

1.5 domain range eve odd 30

functions
 even & odd functions
If a function f satisfies f(-x) = f(x) for every
number x in it’s domain, then f is called an
even function.

If a function f satisfies f(-x)= -f(x) for every

number x in it’s domain, then f is called an odd
function.

1.5 domain range eve odd 31

functions
Are the following functions even, odd or neither?
f(x) = x2,

g(x) = x3,

h(x) = - x2 + 4x – 3

Check it by doing some calculation!

1.5 domain range eve odd 32

functions
Just by looking at the graph, how
can we tell that the function is
even, odd or neither?

1.5 domain range eve odd 33

functions
 EVEN FUNCTION

NOTICE THAT f(-x) = f(x)

f IS SYMMETRY ABOUT Y-AXIS
1.5 domain range eve odd 34
functions
 ODD FUNCTION

NOTICE THAT f(-x) = -f(x)

f IS SYMMETRY ABOUT ORIGIN
1.5 domain range eve odd 35
functions