Temperature Driving Force

Concentric Pipe Heat Exchangers

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Concentric Pipe Heat Exchange

Goals:

By the end of today’s lecture, you should be able to:

 Write the heat transfer rate equation and the fluid enthalpy balances for
concentric pipe heat exchangers.

 Describe the temperature profiles and calculate the true mean ∆T for
parallel and countercurrent flow exchangers.

 Use the heat transfer rate equation and the fluid enthalpy balances to
make design calculations for concentric pipe heat exchangers.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Concentric pipe (double pipe) heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from a hot fluid to a
cold fluid.

Concentric pipe heat exchangers are the simplest and most easily
analyzed configuration.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Consider a typical concentric pipe heat exchanger:

t1 T2
T1

t2

Temperature Driving Force - DTlm Q = UA DTlm

T = hot side fluid t = cold side fluid

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Temperature driving force derivation

Assumptions:

(1) Ui is constant
(2) (Cp)hot and (Cp)cold are constant
(3) heat loss to the surroundings is negligible
(4) flow is steady state and parallel

The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) does change with temperature, but the
change is gradual. Thus, this assumption will hold for moderate temperature
ranges.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Differential form of the steady-state heat balance:

dQ  U (Thot  tcold )  Di dL 1

 Di dL  dA 2

dQ  m hotCphot dThot  m cold Cpcold dtcold 3

m hotCphot (T  T2 )  m cold Cpcold (t  t1 ) 4

(m Cp) cold

T  T2  (t  t1 ) 5
(m Cp) hot

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Using Eqns 1 and 3 and substituting Eqn 5 for T:
 (mCp) cold 
dQ  (m Cp) cold dt  U T2  (t  t1 )  t   Di dL
 (mCp) hot  6

U Di dL dt
 (m Cp)cold   (m Cp) cold  (m Cp) cold 
T2  t1    1 t
(m Cp) hot  ( 
m Cp ) hot  7
Using solution for general form of integral and integrating
between 0 and L and t1 and t2 yields:

dt 1
 a1  b1t b1 ln( a1  b1t )


 (m Cp) cold  (m Cp) cold  

 2
T  t1    1 t 2 
( 
m Cp )  ( 
m Cp )  
ln 
UA 1 8
 hot hot

(m Cp) cold  (m Cp) cold   (m Cp) cold  (m Cp) cold  
 
 1  T2  t1    1 t1 
 (m Cp) hot   
(mCp) hot 
 (mCp) hot  

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Expand and simplify:
UA 1 T t
 ln 1 2
(m Cp) cold  (m Cp) cold  T2  t1 9
 (m Cp)   1
 hot 

Substitute for (mCp) terms using Eqn 4:

 
UA  1  T1  t 2
  ln
(m Cp) cold  1 2
(T  T )   1 T2  t1 10
  (t 2  t1 ) 

UA t 2  t1 T t
 ln 1 2 11
(m Cp) cold (T1  t 2 )  (T2  t1 ) T2  t1

Q
(m Cp) cold 
(t 2  t1 ) 12

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Thus, the true mean DT for a parallel flow concentric pipe
heat exchanger is the log-mean temperature difference at
the two ends of the exchanger,

(T1  t2 )  (T2  t1 )
DTTM  DTLM 
(T1  t2 ) [13]
ln
(T2  t1 )

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Also, regardless of the exchanger design, if a phase change occurs, such as
condensation or boiling (and the liquid is not subcooled or superheated), then:

(Th)in = (Th)out or (Tc)in = (Tc)out

and DTTM = DTLM

Therefore, for concentric pipe heat exchangers and pure fluid condensers
or evaporators,

DTTM = DTLM.

As we will find out later, this is NOT the case for shell-and-tube heat
exchangers.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Film Coefficient
Recall: Sieder-Tate equation for flow in pipes:

 Cp 
0.8 0.333 0.14
 hD   DG    
   0.023     
 k      k   w 

N Nu  0.023NRe NPr 0.14

0.8 0.333

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Tubing Dimensions (BWG)

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Example Problem

Benzene is cooled from 141 F to 79 F in the inner pipe of a double-pipe

exchanger. Cooling water flows counter-currently to the benzene, entering the
jacket at 65 F and leaving at 75 F. The exchanger consists of an inner pipe of
7/8 inch BWG 16 copper tubing jacketed with a 1.5 inch Schedule 40 steel
pipe. The linear velocity of the benzene is 5 ft/sec. Neglect the resistance of
the wall and any scale on the pipe surfaces. Assume the L/D of both pipes is >
150.

Compute:
a) Both the inside and outside film coefficients.
b) The overall coefficient based on the outside area of the inner pipe.
c) The LMTD

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014