CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

CEM 571
Construction Plants
- Stationary Plants
 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of lecture, student will be able to :

- Identify the types, functions, capabilities and
selections of stationary machines. (CO2:PO6)
STATIONARY POSITION MACHINES
– GRAB bucket
• A crane fitted with a grabbing bucket
• Excavating efficiency is dependent upon
the self weight of the attachment
• Limited for fairy loose soil
• Fitted with interlocking teeth
• The clamshell has no teeth and only
use for stockpiling very loose material
such as sand
• The whole unit is hung from the crane
jib on a hoist rope
STATIONARY POSITION MACHINES
- FACE SHOVEL
• Best operates from a flat prepared surface
• Use for loading, excavation of embankment or berm,
loosen and load material, mostly used in quarrying
and road cuttings
• Can be a crawler or wheeled mounted

• Type of shovel:-
– Face shovel
– Drag shovel
– Crowd shovel
– Luffing shovel
– Skimmer
crowding

Dipper stick

hoisting
STATIONARY POSITION MACHINES
- FACE SHOVEL
• Factors for selecting the most advantages
size and type of shovel:-
– Type of material to be worked
– Depth of banks to be cut
– Swing angle that must be turned
– Confinement or space restrictions
– Job mobility
– Haul cycle of the transporting equipment
– Amount of work available
– Skill of the operator
 STATIONARY POSITION MACHINES
- BACKHOE
• Also known as pull shovel, drag shovel or simply as
hoe
• Used for excavating below the level of the tracks,
e.g. trenches, basement, foundations and for other
excavation work in confine situation.
Typical Hydraulic Operated Backactor
Detachable teeth depend on the type of soil
Detachable teeth depend on the type of soil
STATIONARY POSITION MACHINES
- BACKHOE
• Production rates depends on the depth of the
excavation
• The average bucket play load is equal to the
heaped bucket capacity play load multiplied by
the bucket fill factor
• Bucket fill factor will depend on the type of soil
• Fill factor e.g. :-
– moist loan or sandy clay = 100%
– Sand and gravel = 90 to 100%
– Well blasted rock = 60 to 75%
STATIONARY POSITION MACHINES -
DRAGLINE
 STATIONARY
POSITION MACHINES
- DRAGLINE

May only be used as a rope operated machine, a

comparable hydraulic system is not available
Suitable in excavating loose and soft soil below the
level of the machine
May be used as an alternative to backhoe
The bucket is cast out long from a boom, so that wide
apart of excavation and dumping is possible
E.g. for river bottom, channels, canals, ditches and
trench
Not suitable for confined space
TRENCHERS
 TRENCHERS
• Designed to excavate trenches of constant
width with considerable accuracy and speed
• widths available range from 250 to 450mm
with depths up to 4m
• Work on a conveyor principle having a series
of a small cutting buckets attached to two end
less chains which are supported by a boom
that is lowered into the ground at the required
depth
Compaction equipment
Compaction equipment
 Steel cylinder roller
• Two types:-
– Non vibrating
– Vibrating rollers
 Steel cylinder roller
• Non vibrating
– Two types:-
• Tandem (two-axle)
• Three wheeled

– Both types are self-propelled

– Able to be ballasted (added weight) by adding
water or sand to the rolls
– Ballast normally required when operating the
roller but may be removed when it is to be
transported
– Maximum effective layer compacted is
250mm
 VIBRATING ROLLER
• Two major types:-
– Vibrating smooth drum rollers
• Tractor drawn
• Self-propelled
– Important factors when considering vibrating rollers:-
• Dynamic force- force exerted by the roller. Centrifugal
force generated by a revolving eccentric shaft and
total dead weight of the roller frame and drum
• Frequency of vibration – no. of revolutions per minute
made by the eccentric shaft
• Amplitude of vibration- eccentric shaft rotates, the
drum assembly moves up and down. Amplitude is the
total distance the drum travels vertically.
 Pneumatic tired rollers
• Used on pavements such as sprayed or
asphalt mix bitumen surfacing work
• Suitable when material is cohesive, such
as clays, clayey gravels or loams which is
free from rock
 Tamping roller
• Has a steel drum fitted with ‘feet’ of one type of another
• Example, sheepsfoot, wedgefoot and pad foot
• Compacting layer up to 250 mm
• Normal compaction for clay, clayey gravel and sandy clays
• Poor performance on sandy gravels
• Not suitable for compact sand

Self-propelled tamping foot roller Tower sheepsfoot roller