APA ITU AIDS?

AIDS stands for:

Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome
 Apa yang menyebabkan AIDS?

AIDS disebabkan oleh virus HIV.

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

adalah virus yang menyerang sistem
immune

Sel utama yang dijangkiti HIV adalah

T helper lymphocyte.
Pengurangan yang
besar terhadap
bilangan T Helper
Cell melemahkan
sistem imun.

Seseorang didiagnosis dengan AIDS apabila

mereka menunjukkan simptom AIDS yang
dipanggil opportunistic infection.
Jangkitan ini digelar opportunistic kerana
mereka mengambil kesempatan terhadap
peluang yang diberikan oleh sistem imun
yang telah lemah.
 HIV tidak boleh membesar atau terhasil
secara sendiri. Ia perlu menjangkiti sel
organisma hidup untuk membuat salinan yang
baru.

HIV menjangkiti T helper cell kerana ia

mempunyai protein CD4 di permukaannya
yang mana digunakan oleh HIV untuk
melekatkan dirinya kepada sel sebelum
memasuki sel tersebut.

This is why the T helper cell is sometimes

referred to as a CD4+ lymphocyte.
Once it has found its way into a cell,
HIV produces new copies of itself, which can
then go on to infect other cells.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

According to estimates from

the UNAIDS 2009 AIDS Epidemic
Update,
around 31.3 million adults
and
2.1 million children were living with
HIV at the end of 2008.
 HIV/AIDS around the world
Estimate Range

People living with HIV/AIDS

in 2008 33.4 million 31.1-35.8 million

Adults living with HIV/AIDS 31.3 million 29.2-33.7 million

in 2008
Women living with HIV/AIDS
15.7 million 14.2-17.2 million
in 2008
Children living with
2.1 million 1.2-2.9 million
HIV/AIDS in 2008
People newly infected with 2.7 million 2.4-3.0 million
HIV in 2008
Children newly infected with
HIV in 2008 0.43 million 0.24-0.61 million

AIDS deaths in 2008 2.0 million 1.7-2.4 million

Child AIDS deaths in 2008 0.28 million 0.15-0.41 million
HIV/AIDS around the world
 Adults & children
Region living with Adults & children Adult prevalence* Deaths of
newly infected adults & children
HIV/AIDS
Sub-Saharan
22.4 million 1.9 million 5.2% 1.4 million
Africa

North Africa &

310,000 35,000 0.2% 20,000
Middle East

South and South-

East Asia 3.8 million 280,000 0.3% 270,000

East Asia 850,000 75,000 <0.1% 59,000

Oceania 59,000 3900 0.3% 2,000
Latin America 2.0 million 170,000 0.6% 77,000
Caribbean 240,000 20,000 1.0% 12,000

Eastern Europe &

1.5 million 110,000 0.7% 87,000
Central Asia

North America
1.4 million 55,000 0.4% 25,000

Western & Central

850,000 30,000 0.3% 13,000
Europe
Global Total 33.4 million 2.7 million 0.8% 2.0 million
 Incubation Period

• 1-3 Months
• Antibodies develop after 3 months
• Development of AIDS may take from 1-15 years
• Incubation period shorter in infants.
• A window period is the time between when a person is
infected and a positive test result occurs. Because the
HIV test is based on the presence of antibodies, the HIV
test may be negative in an infected person during the
window period.
 Signs & Symptoms

• You may remain symptom-free

• depending on the phase of for eight or nine years or more
infection. • As virus multiple & destroy
• a brief flu-like illness two to six
weeks after becoming infected. immune cells chronic symptoms
• you might not realize you've been will appear
infected with HIV. • Swollen Lymphoid
• The virus multiplies in your • Diarrhea
lymph nodes and slowly begins to
destroy your helper T cells • Weight loss
(CD4 lymphocytes) • Fever
• Cough & Shortness of breath
 Other presentation
• Chronic herpes simplex
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Molluscum contagiosum
• Oral candidiasis
• Oral hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi Sarcoma
• Persistent generalized
adenopathy
• Pulmonary Tuberclosis
• Candiasis
• Cryptococcal meningitis.
• Toxoplasmosis.

Herpes Simplex
Chest x-ray
demonstrating diffuse
bilateral airspace
consolidation in P carinii
pneumonia. Chest tube is
present for drainage of
left pneumothorax. Note
cystic spaces on patient's
right side, undoubtedly
pneumatoceles
(arrowheads).
Positive HIV antibody
Development of Opportunistic infection
Pneumocyctis carinii pneumonia(PCP)
CD4 lymphocyte <200
 Investigation and Diagnosis

HIV is diagnosed by testing your blood or oral mucus for the

presence of antibodies to the virus.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test
Western blot test, which checks for the presence of HIV
proteins. The Western blot test was important because you
may have non-HIV antibodies that cause a false-positive
result on the ELISA test
several "rapid" tests can give highly accurate information
within as little as 20 minutes.
 HIV
TRANSMISSION
SEXUAL INTERCOUSE
BLOOD DONATION
 SHARING
OF
INTRAVENOUS NEEDLES
 MOTHER TO FETUS
THROUGH PLACENTA
 Can you get AIDS from?

Your answer
activities
Sex Yes
Oral Sex Yes & No
Sharing Needle Yes
Mother to Child Yes
Kissing Yes & No
Sneezing, Coughing No
Tattoo yes
Blood Transfusions Yes
Animal no
Insect No
 IO N
E N T
RE V DS
P A I
O F
Current Approaches for Treatment

Drugs which inhibit HIV

This is the main type of treatment for HIV or AIDS.

It is not a cure, but it can stop people
from becoming ill for many years.

•antiretroviral
•anti-HIV or anti-AIDS drugs
•HIV antiviral drugs
•ARVs
Current Approaches for Treatment

A vaccine to prevent AIDS

Treatments
for other infections which develop in
AIDS sufferers.
 Preventive Measures

Advising HIV-positive mothers

not to breast feed

Contact tracing

Education
Needle-exchange schemes

Screening of blood from

donors

HIV testing for

Using condoms etc

The ABC of AIDS Prevention

A – Abstain

B – Be faithful

C – Constant
Protection
HIV PATIENTS WITH AIDS
 HIV test
• The ELISA antibody test (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent) also
known as EIA (enzyme immunoassay) was the first HIV test to be
widely used.

•A Western blot assay – One of the oldest but most accurate confirmatory
antibody tests. It is complex to administer and may produce
indeterminate results if a person has a transitory infection with another
virus.

• An indirect immunofluorescence assay – Like the Western blot, but it

uses a microscope to detect HIV antibodies.
• A line immunoassay - Commonly used in Europe. Reduces the chance
of sample contamination and is as accurate as the Western Blot.

• A second ELISA – In resource-poor settings with relatively high

prevalence, a second ELISA test may be used to confirm a diagnosis.
The second test will usually be a different commercial brand and will use
a different method of detection to the first.

When two tests are combined, the chance of getting an inaccurate result
is less than 0.1%.
A woman using a rapid oral HIV test.
Development of drugs

AZYDOTHYMIDINE
(AZT)

ZALTABINE

GLYCYRRIZIN

RIBARIVIN