Processing and Binning Overview

From chapter 14 “Elements of 3D Seismology” by

Chris Liner
 Outline
•Justification for Processing
•Processing Flow
•Bins
 Justification

Field data representation of the data is distant from a

distance-depth representation of data.
 Categories of Processing

Adjustments to wavelets, or short-pulse adjustments e.g.,

•frequency filtering
•phase shifts (rotation)
•vibroseis correlation
Traveltime Corrections (fig. 14.1) :
Statics
Normal Moveout
Dip Moveout
Migration
 Categories of Processing

•Amplitude Corrections
• Geometric spreading
•Automatic Gain Control

•Noise Reduction
•Vertical stack
•Muting
•CMP stack
•filtering (f, f-k, tau-p (or
radon)
•multiple suppression
An example of analysis for near-surface seismic structure

Xia et al., 2004

Seismic data “Multiple universes
for seismic data”
•Shotpoint gathers (distance versus
time)
•CMP gathers (distance versus time)
•Tau-p (horizontal slowness versus
intercept time)
•f-k (frequency versus wavenumber)
 Distance between shot and
Two-way traveltime (s) the receiver (m)
 Distance between shot and Velocity
the receiver (m) (m/s)
Two-way traveltime (s)

T0 dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2
 Distance between shot and Velocity
the receiver (m) (m/s)
Two-way traveltime (s)

T0 dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2
x

dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

1/V = 0 ( s/m)
1/V = p (ray parameter)
 Distance between shot and Velocity
the receiver (m) (m/s)
Two-way traveltime (s)

T0 dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2
 x

V
angle

dT/dx = 1/Vh (s/m)

1/Vh = 1/[V/ sin(angle) ] ( s/m)

1/Vh = p (ray parameter)
 Distance between shot and Velocity
the receiver (m) (m/s)
Two-way traveltime (s)

T0 dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2
 x

angle
V

1/Vh = 1/[V/sin(angle) ]( s/m)

1/Vh = p (ray parameter)
Two-way traveltime (s)
x (m)

Add amplitude
p=0

tau (intercept time) s

T0
p (s/m)
Two-way traveltime (s)
x (m)
p=0

tau (intercept time) s

T0
p (s/m)
 x (m) f (1/s)

k (wavenumber - 1/m)
Two-way traveltime (s)
p=0

1000 m/s

V=f/k (m/s)

1/10 m

100 Hz
 x (m) f (1/s)

k (wavenumber - 1/m)
Two-way traveltime (s)
p=0

1000 m/s

V=f/k (m/s)

1/10 m

100 Hz
 Two-way traveltime (s)
x (m)

Vh=inf (m/s)

k (wavenumber - 1/m)
f (1/s)

Vh=inf (m/s)
 Sz
Sx

P-wave
& Sv -
wave
Vh ~= 90% shear
wave velocity

“skin depth” = 1/2

longest wavelength
Dispersion

t1 t2

t0 t1 t2

Dispersion
Xia et al., 2004
 Two-way traveltime (s)
x (m)
p=0

1000 m/s

k (wavenumber - 1/m)
f (1/s)

100 Hz
V=f/k (m/s)
 Outline
Bins

Calculated common midpoints

“CMP bin center”

Length and width of bin <= spatial aliasing dimensions

 To prevent aliasing:

max dimension = V/4fmax

For GOM:
V = V0 + 0.4 x depth

Rule of Thumb: 12.5m by 12.5 m for > 2000 m

IDEAL BIN SIZE: 5m by 5m for seafloor and deeper
The “best” bin:
•SMALL
•ALL OFFSETS
•ALL AZIMUTHS
•LARGE FOLD
 Outline
•Justification for Processing
•Processing Flow
•Bins