Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rawat Intensif
Anak
TATALAKSANA
GANGGUAN ELEKTROLIT
DAN CAIRAN
Oleh :
Dwi Oktari Erfanti
Gangguan elektrolit
magnesium
Sering
ditemui
perawatan
di atur mekanisme komplek
intensif berbagai hormon dan organ
Davison D, Basu RK, Goldstein SL, Chawla LS. Fluid Management in Adults and Children: Core Curriculum 2014. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014
Buckley MS, LeBlanc JM, Cawley MJ. Electrolyte disturbances associated with commonly prescribed medications in the intensive care unit. 2
Crit Care Med 2010
Keadaan sepsis
kritis
trauma luka bakar berat
Hospital acquired
hiponatremia 30%
Hipernatremia 1,5-20%
Hipokalsemia 15-20%
Hiperkalemia 1-10%
Hiperkalsemia 15%
Hipokalemia > 20%
Carandang, Anglemyer A,Longhurst CA, Association between Maintenance Fluid Tonicity and Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia. J Pediatr 2013.
Elenberg E, Corden T. Pediatric hypernatremia. 2014. februari 2015.Tersedia dari:http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/907653-overview 4
Mahoney BA, Smith WAD, Tonelli M, Clase C. Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia.Review.The Cochrane Collaboration. 2009.
HOMEOSTASIS
AIR & ELEKTROLIT
Davison D, Basu RK, Goldstein SL, Chawla LS. Fluid Management in Adults and Children: Core Curriculum 2014. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 5
Distribusi Elektrolit
Buckley MS, LeBlanc JM, Cawley MJ. Electrolyte disturbances associated with commonly prescribed medications 6
in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 :253–64
Gambar 2. Peranan
glycocalix endotel
gangguan
glyxocalyx
peningkatan
permiabilitas
• ketebalan ~ 1 µm
transendotelial
• mengikat protein meningkatkan tekanan
menyebabkan
onkotik di permukaan endotelial mencegah
edema interstitial
perpindahan cairan ke interstitial
7
Myburgh JA, Mythen MG, Finfer SR. Resuscitation Fluids. N Engl J Med 2013.
8
HOMEOSTASIS NATRIUM
mempertahankan tonisitas
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. 9
Pediatric Critical Care. Edisi ke-4. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2011
Homeostasis Natrium
mempertahankan stabilitas osmolalitas plasma : 270–290 mOsm/L
Mekanisme
(1) regulasi oleh ginjal mekanisme paling penting
(2) antidiuretic hormone
(3) Aldosteron
(4) faktor natriuretik
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. 10
Pediatric Critical Care. Edisi ke-4. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2011
11
Homeostasis Kalium
Kelly A, Moshang T. Disorders of water, sodium, and potassium homeostasis. Dalam : Nichols D, penyunting. Rogers’ textbook of pediatric
intensive care. Edisi ke-4. Philadelphia:lippincott. 2008
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care
12
Edisi ke-4. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2011
Homeostasis kalium
13
Tabel 3. Penyebab hipokalemia dan hiperkalemia
Hipokalemia Hiperkalemia
Alkalosis Asidosis
Samuels M, Wieteska S. Fluid and electolyte management. Advanced Paediatric Life Support. Edisi ke-5. Blackwell Publishing. 2011. 14
Homeostasis Kalsium
Kelly A, Moshang T. Disorders of water, sodium, and potassium homeostasis. Dalam : Nichols D, penyunting. Rogers’ textbook of pediatric
intensive care. Edisi ke-4.2008
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical
15
Care. Edisi ke-4.. 2011.
16
17
Homeostasis Fosfat
HOMEOSTASIS AIR DAN ELEKTROLIT
PENINGKATAN
menstimulasi hormon
PENURUNAN stimulasi paratiroid untuk
enzim hidroksilase 1-alfa
meningkatkan ekskresi
mengubah calcidiol menjadi
di ginjal
calcitriol meningkatkan
absorpsi di usus, mengurangi
ekskresi di ginjal, menstimulasi
resorpsi dari tulang
Greenbaum LA. Deficit therapy. Dalam: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, Behrman, Geme ST,Schor, penyunting. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics.
Edisi ke-19. 2011
Rodig N. Renal and electrolyte emergencies. Dalam : Fleisher G, Ludwig S, penyunting. Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. 19
Edisi ke-6. Phi2010
20
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWvaY4RH3c&list. Phosphate disorder.
Homeostasis fosfat
21
Homeostasis Magnesium
Kelly A, Moshang T. Disorders of water, sodium, and potassium homeostasis. Dalam : Nichols D, penyunting. Rogers’ textbook of pediatric
intensive care. Edisi ke-4.2008
22
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical
23
24
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L932sS20Tek Magnesium Disorders
Prinsip penanganan hiponatremia
1. Atasi kejang dengan NaCl 3%
2. Hitung cairan maintenance dan perkirakan defisit cairan
3. Tujuan untuk meningkatkan natrium serum tidak lebih dari 8
mmol/ hari
4. Periksa kalium, klorida, kreatinin dan kadar glukosa
5. Monitor elektrolit secara teratur
6. Nilai secara klinis hidrasi dan berat badan secara teratur
25
Samuels M, Wieteska S. Fluid and electolyte management. Advanced Paediatric Life Support. Edisi ke-5. Blackwell Publishing. 2011
Tatalaksana
4 ml/kg NaCL 3% : 3-5 menit
menaikkan Na serum
3 mmol / kejang berhenti
Pemberian cairan
maintenance
isotonik
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care. 2011. 26
Mejia R, Fields A, Greenwald BM, Stein F, penyunting. Pediatric Fundamental Critical Care Support. USA: Society of Critical Care Medicine; 2008.
Langkah koreksi hiponatremia
Kelly A, Moshang T. Disorders of water, sodium, and potassium homeostasis. Dalam : Nichols D, penyunting. Rogers’ textbook of pediatric intensive care.2008
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care. 2011. 27
Sumber
Mejia : Samuels
R, Fields M,BM,
A, Greenwald Wieteska S. Advanced
Stein F, penyunting. paediatric
Pediatric Fundamental life support
Critical Care Support. USA: Society of Critical Care Medicine; 2008.
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29
30
31
Level of evidence 1 a
32
Level of evidence 1a
33
Level of evidence 1 a
34
Tatalaksana hipernatremia
1. FWD = total air tubuh – total air tubuh saat terjadi hipernatremia
= [ TBWD x BB]- ( PNa normal) x (TBWD) x BB
PNa saat ini
Keterangan : FWD : free water deficit (L);TBWD: total body weight distribution; Pna
normal : natrium plasma normal ( 140 mEq/L); BB: berat badan (kg)
Kelly A, Moshang T. Disorders of water, sodium, and potassium homeostasis. Dalam : Nichols D, penyunting. Rogers’ textbook of pediatric intensive care.2008
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care. 2011. 35
Mejia R, Fields A, Greenwald BM, Stein F, penyunting. Pediatric Fundamental Critical Care Support. USA: Society of Critical Care Medicine; 2008.
Pilihan cairan mengandung free water deficit
di tambahkan ke
dalam kebutuhan
Pilihan Cairan
cairan rumatan
1. 1 L NaCl 0,45% mengandung 500 mL
selama 24 free water
sampai 48 jam 2. 1 L NaCl 0,225% mengandung 750
mL free water
3. 1 L D5%+NaCl 0,225% mengandung
400 mL free water
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care. 2011.
Mejia R, Fields A, Greenwald BM, Stein F, penyunting. Pediatric Fundamental Critical Care Support. USA: Society of Critical Care Medicine; 2008. 36
Tatalaksana hipokalemia secara iv :
Kelly A, Moshang T. Disorders of water, sodium, and potassium homeostasis. Dalam : Nichols D, penyunting. Rogers’ textbook of pediatric intensive care.2008
Mejia R, Fields A, Greenwald BM, Stein F, penyunting. Pediatric Fundamental Critical Care Support. USA: Society of Critical Care Medicine; 2008. 37
38
39
40
Level evidence 1a
41
42
ALGORITME
Calsium
HIPERKALEMIA Aritmia ? 0,1 mmol/kg iv
tidak
Salbutamol (nebulisasi)
2.5-10 mg
Nilai pH
Onset of
Obat Dosis Efek samping / komplikasi
action
Dextrose/insulin Glukosa 10% 5 ml/kg iv Cepat Hipoglikemia, hiperosmolar,
Insulin 0.05 unit/kg/jam iv volume overload
Ca gluconate 10% 0.1 mmol/kg iv selama 5-10 cepat Hiperkalsemia, nekrosis jaringan
menit, terbaik lebat akses Obat ini tidak memiliki efek
vena sentral penurunan kadar kalium
Hipokalsemia
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care. 2011.
Mejia R, Fields A, Greenwald BM, Stein F, penyunting. Pediatric Fundamental Critical Care Support. USA: Society of Critical Care Medicine; 2008. 46
GANGGUAN ELEKTROLIT ( Kalsium )
c
Hipokalsemia
47
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care. 2011.
Hiperkalsemia
Lynch RE, Wood EG. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Dalam: Fuhrman B, Zimmerman J, penyunting. Pediatric Critical Care. 2011.
Mejia R, Fields A, Greenwald BM, Stein F, penyunting. Pediatric Fundamental Critical Care Support. USA: Society of Critical Care Medicine; 2008. 48
BERBAGAI JENIS PILIHAN TIPE CAIRAN
Kristaloid
dapat terdistribusi
bebas melalui barier
vaskuler
NaCL 3% digunakan
untuk terapi
hiponatremia berat
Larutan hipotonik hipernatremia
atau defisit cairan bebas
tidak efektif sebagai cairan resusitasi
Khandelwal P, Mitra S. Are all collois same? How to select the right colloid? Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009. 49
Carcillo JA. Intravenous fluid choices in critically ill children. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014
Tabel 6. Komposisi berbagai cairan kristaloid
Khandelwal P, Mitra S. Are all collois same? How to select the right colloid? Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009. 51
Carcillo JA. Intravenous fluid choices in critically ill children. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014
Pemilihan terapi cairan dan elektrolit
pada berbagai keadaan
52
53
Diabetes ketoasidosis
DKA dengan dehidrasi
• normal salin untuk rehidrasi
Carcillo JA. Intravenous fluid choices in critically ill children. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014; 20 (4): 396-401.
54
Carcillo JA. Intravenous fluid choices in critically ill children. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014
Diabetes ketoasidosis
DKA dengan dehidrasi
• Bila glukosa mencapat 250 mg/dl diberikan D10
bersamaan dengan NaCL/KCL/KPO4
Carcillo JA. Intravenous fluid choices in critically ill children. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014; 20 (4): 396-401.
55
Carcillo JA. Intravenous fluid choices in critically ill children. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014
56
57
58
pada
59
Pilihan cairan pada malnutrisi
(rekomendasi WHO):
Dextrose 5% atau
Ringer’s lactate dengan dextrose 5%
Atau saline 0.45%+ dextrose 5%
World Health Organization. e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA) . 2014 60
SIMPULAN
61
TERIMA KASIH
62
63
64
65
Tabel 1. Komposisi Cairan dan Elektrolit Intraseluler dan Ekstraseluler
Na + 20 133-145
K+ 150 3-5
Cl- - 98-110
HCO3 - 10 20-25
PO43- 110-115 5
Protein 75 10
% berat badan 80 15 (interstitial), 5 (intravaskuler)
Thomas EY. Fluids and Elecrolytes.Dalam:The Harriete Lane Handbook.Engord B,Flerlage J. penyunting. Elsevier Saunders. Edisi
ke-20.2015. 246-67
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Thomas EY. Fluids and Elecrolytes. Dalam:The Harriete Lane Handbook.Engord B,Flerlage J. penyunting. Elsevier Saunders. Edisi ke-20.2015.
Tabel 2.Kebutuhan elektrolit normal
67
Sumber
Thomas : Samuels
EY. Fluids M, Wieteska
and Elecrolytes. S. Advanced
Dalam:The paediatric
Harriete life support B,Flerlage J. penyunting. Elsevier Saunders. Edisi ke-20.2015.
Lane Handbook.Engord
68
ContContoh Kasus Hipernatremia
Anak Laki-laki, usia 6,5 tahun, BB = 20 kg, Na=157 mEq/L
70