Prepared By: Nasratullah Noorzai

Email: nasrat.nooraisiddiq@gmail.com
Phone: 0789047917
 Gerund
It is derived from a Latin word “Gerere”
which means to do or to perform something.
Definition: Verb-ing which acts as noun is
called gerund. It’s also called verbal noun
because it’s a verb and it acts as noun.
It is a word ending with the ing form of a verb that
has the force of a verb and a noun, so it is also
called verbal noun.
Note: It is basically a verb in its ing form, but functions as a
noun. It is a noun that shows an action or names an
action. It is most often singular, so it requires the pronoun
It.
Ex: She likes swimming. It is a good exercise.
But sometimes gerund has a plural form, so it requires the
pronoun They.
Ex: I like writings of Shakespeare. They are about love, piece
and sympathy.
Examples:
Muska enjoys watching TV.
G. verb Gerund
G. phrase
Some Structures of Gerund
 Verb ing + noun/adverb/prepositional phrase
makes gerund phrase.
Ex: Washing the car is a big problem.
Swimming in the ocean can be dangerous.
Driving fast is risky.
 Singular gerund phrase + singular verb
Ex: Smoking cigarette is a bad habit.
 Plural gerund phrase + singular verb
Ex: Washing the dishes is your duty.
 Gerund is a form of a verb (-ing), which is used in the following grammatical points:

Grammatical Functions of gerund:

1. As a noun:
* Subjective Noun (with singular verb). Ex: Driving fast is risk.
*Objective Noun: Here the gerundial noun can be object of a verb
(Dative Object) and object of a preposition (Accusative Object)

Ex: We like learning. (DO)

She likes to pass her time in studying. (AO)
2. As an adjective:
This kind of adjective is called Participle Adjective.
Ex: Surprising trip, exciting Movie, …
 3. As an adverb:
This kind of adverb functions as adverb of manner.
Ex: He came to class laughing. Q. How? A. Laughing.
4. As a preposition:
This kind of preposition is called by Participle Preposition which has an
(-ing) suffix at the end and most of them are derived from some forms of
verbs.
Ex: Verb: Preposition:
Concern Concerning
Include Including
Exclude Excluding
Regard Regarding
During
According
 Usages of Gerund
Gerund can have the following functions in a sentence:
1. As a subject of a verb:
EX: Smoking cigar is a bad habit.
Subject
Note: we always use a singular verb when gerund is the subject of a verb
whereas we can use a plural verb if a compound gerund is the subject of a
verb.
Ex: swimming is useful for health.
Reading and
2. Aswriting are the
the object two
of a ways of communication.
verb:
EX: She loves swimming in the ocean.
Object
3. As the Complement of Be:
EX: My desire is helping my nation.
Be obj
4. As the object of a preposition:
Note: It can used in Three structures.
Verb + Preposition + Gerund
Ex: Our teacher insists on coming to class on time.
V P G
Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
Ex: I am tired of teaching English.
Adj P G
Noun + Preposition + Gerund
Ex: My father is the head of hiring people.
N P G
5. After the adverb (No) to indicate prohibition:
EX: No smoking.
No parking.

6. Gerund as a complement:
As a verb complement:
Example: I love teaching.
V G
As a noun complement:
Example: His bad attitude is cheating in the exam.
N V
As an adverb or adjective complement:
Example: What I avoid mostly is backbiting.
Ad V
7. After for when for means “ for the purpose”.
Ex:
Thanks for coming.
You come here for learning English.
8. After the preposition LIKE when LIKE means FOR
EXAMPLE.
Find something to do, like writing novels.
I want to find a hobby, like swimming.
9. After DO+THE referring to jobs.
I will do the cooking and you should do the ironing.
Shopping
10. After adjectives and possessives or genitive case of
noun.
Fluent speaking shows one’s intelligence.
Fast driving is a dangerous action.
Your coming surprised me.
Nasir’s speaking impressed Muska.
11. A: The/A + verb-ing + of + noun
B: verb-ing + noun
Writing novels is a hobby.
The writing of novels is a hobby.
REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED ONLY BY GERUNDS
Avoid: He avoided answering my questions.
Complete: I finally completed writing my term paper.
Consider: I will consider going with you.
Deny: She denied committing the crime.
Enjoy: We enjoyed visiting them.
Finish: She finished studying English at ten.
Keep: I keep hoping he will come.
Practice: The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
Remember: I can’t remember meeting him when I was a child.
Stop: She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
Prepared By: Nasratullah Noorzai
Email: nasrat.nooraisiddiq@gmail.com
Phone: 0789047917