modern

architecture
 Modern architecture, are the buildings and building
practices of the late 19th and the 20th centuries. The history
of modern architecture encompasses the architects who
designed those buildings, stylistic movements, and the
technology and materials that made the new architecture
possible. Modern architecture originated in the United
States and Europe and spread from there to the rest of the
world among notable early modern architectural projects
are;
 exuberant and richly decorated buildings in
Glasgow, Scotland by Charles Rennie McIntosh
houses with glowing interior spaces and projecting roofs by
the American pioneer of modernism, Frank Lloyd Wright.
Important modern buildings that came later during the
sleek villas of Swiss French architect Le Corbusier
bold new factories in Germany by Peter Behrens
and Walter Gropius
 steel and glass
skyscrapers designed
by German born
architect Ludwing Meis
van der rohe.
Modern architects reacted against the architecture
of the 19th century, which they felt borrowed too
heavily from the past. It found this architecture
even oppressively bound to the Past styles Or
cloyingly picturesque and eclectic. As the 20th
century began they believed it was necessary to
invent an architecture that expressed the spirit of
the new age and would surpass the styles,
materials, and technologies of earlier architecture.
This unifying purpose did not mean that their
buildings would be similar in appearance, nor that
architects would agree on other issues.
 The aesthetics ( artistic values) of modern
architects differed radically to stop some
architects, enraptured by the powerful machines
developed in the late 19th century, sought to
devise an architecture that can lead the sleekness
and energy of a machine. Their aesthetic
celebrated function in all forms of design, from
household furnishings to massive ocean liners in
the new flying machines. Other architects,
however, found machinelike elegance in
appropriate to architecture. They preferred in
architecture that expressed, not the rationality of
the machine, but the mystic powers of human
emotion and spirit
 Development in two materials Iron and concrete
formed the technological basis of much modern
architecture. In 1779, English architect Thomas
Pritchard designed the first structure built entirely
of cast iron; Iron bridge, a bridge over the River
Severn in England. At around the same time,
another Englishman experimented with a
compound of lime, clay, sand and iron slag to
produce concrete. Iron had been used since
antiquity to tie building elements together but
after the erection of Iron Bridge it took on a new
role as a primary structural material. Builders
throughout Europe and North America began to
write their houses with beams of Iron instead of
wood and to create storefronts with cast Iron
façade.
 One of the most spectacular examples of early Iron
construction was the Crystal Palace in London, England,
designed by English architect Joseph Paxton to house the
great exhibition of 1851. Spreading over 18 Acres, the
building consisted entirely of panels of glass set within iron
frames. Paxton adapted two major features of Industrial
Revolution to the architecture of Crystal Palace: mass
production (in the manufactured glass panels and Iron
frames) and the use of Iron rather than traditional masonry
(stones or brick). He managed to erect this vast building in
less than six months a feat he accomplished by detailed
planning and by prefabrication of the building parts off site.
In 1889, French engineer Gustav Eiffel carried forward
Paxton’s daring ideas for Iron construction in his 300 m
(984 feet) Eiffel tower in Paris. Steel for construction also
became abundantly available in the 19 th century.
 Improvements in concrete and ran parallel to
developments in Iron and steel technology. In
1892, French engineer Francois Hennebique
combined the strengths of both in new system of
construction based on concrete reinforced with
steel. His invention made possible previously
unimaginable effects: extremely thin walls with
large areas of glass: space rules that cantilever
(project out from their supports) to previously
impossible distances: space enormous bands
without supporting columns or beams and corners
from the class rather than stone and brick or
wood.
.
 One of the earliest architects to
experiment with these new effects
was Belgian architect engineered a
Auguste Perret whose 1903
apartment building Andrew Franklin
in Paris, France, exemplified the
basic principles of steel
reinforcement. On the façade, Perret
clearly separated the structural
elements of steel reinforced concrete
from the exterior walls, which were
simply decorative panels or windows
rather than structural necessities.
The reinforced concrete structure
also eliminated the need for interior
walls to support any weight
permitting a floor plan of
unprecedented openness. Perret’s
building stood eight stories high with
two additional story is set back from
the front of the building are typical
height of most Paris buildings at the