27AnexoM ExploracionDelSubsuelo

Chapter 9
Techniques of Integration
© 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 1 of 58
Chapter Outline
 Integration by Substitution
 Integration by Parts
 Evaluation of Definite Integrals
 Approximation of Definite Integrals
 Some Applications of the Integral
 Improper Integrals
§ 9.1
Integration by Substitution
Section Outline
 Differentiation and Integration Formulas
 Integration by Substitution
 Using Integration by Substitution
Differentiation & Integration Formulas
Integration by Substitution
If u = g(x), then
 f  g  x   g  x  dx   f  u du.
Using Integration by Substitution
EXAMPLE
Determine the integral by making an appropriate substitution.
x   x  1 dx
6
2
 2x  3
SOLUTION
Let u = x2 + 2x + 3, so that du 
d 2
dx
 
x  2 x  3 dx   2 x  2 dx . That is,
1
du  2 x  1 dx. Therefore, du   x  1 dx. And so we have
2
 
x 2
 2 x  3
6
 x 1 dx  u 6 1
 2 du Rewrite in terms of u.
1 6

2  u du Bring the factor 1/2 outside.
1 u7
  C Integrate.
2 7
CONTINUE
D

x 2

 2x 1
7
C Replace u with x2 + 2x + 3.
14
EXAMPLE

5
1 
  x  dx
2
x   2
SOLUTION
  d 1
Let u = 1/x + 2, so that du    2 dx   x 2 dx . Therefore,  du  x 2 dx.
dx  x 
And so we have
5 5
2  1  1  2
 x 
x   2  dx    x   x dx
  2 Rearrange factors.
   u 5 du Rewrite in terms of u.
u6
  C Integrate.
6

 1 / x  2
6
C Rewrite u as 1/x + 2.
6
EXAMPLE
  sin 2 x  e
cos 2 x
dx
SOLUTION
d 1
Let u = cos2x, so that du   cos 2 x  dx  2 sin 2 xdx . Therefore,  du  sin 2 xdx.
dx 2
And so we have
  sin 2 x  e cos 2 x
dx   e cos 2 x
  sin 2 x  dx Rearrange factors.
  eu du Rewrite in terms of u.
 eu  C Integrate.
 e cos 2 x  C Rewrite u as cos2x.
§ 9.2
Integration by Parts
Section Outline
 Integration by Parts
 Using Integration by Parts
Integration by Parts
G(x) is an antiderivative of g(x).
Using Integration by Parts
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
 x 2 x  3 dx
3
SOLUTION
Our calculations can be set up as follows:
f  x  x g  x    2 x  3
3
Differentiate Integrate
1
f  x   1 G x    2 x  3 4 .
8
Then
1
 x 2 x  3 dx  x 
3
 2 x  3 4   1 1  2 x  3 4 dx
8 8
1 1
x 2 x  3    2 x  3 dx
4 4

8 8
CONTINUE
D
1 1 1
x 2 x  3    2 x  3  C
4 5

8 8 10
1 1
x 2 x  3   2 x  3  C.
4 5

8 80
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
 e dx
2 x
x
SOLUTION
f  x  x2 g x  e x
f  x   2 x G x   e x .
Then
     
2 x 2 x x
x e dx x e 2 x e dx.
Notice that the resultant integral cannot yet be solved using conventional
methods. Therefore, we will attempt to use integration by parts again.
CONTINUE
D
f  x  2x g x  e x
f  x   2 G x   e x .
Then
      dx

x x x
2 x e dx 2 x e 2 e
 2 x  e x  2e x  C.
Therefore, we have
 x 2 x
e dx  x 2
 e x
  2 x  e x
dx  x 2 x
e 2 xe x
 2e x
C 
 x 2 e x  2 xe x  2e x  C.
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
 x sin 8 x dx
SOLUTION
f  x  x g  x   sin 8 x
1
f  x   1 G  x    cos 8 x.
8
Then
 1   1 
 x sin 8 x dx  x   
 8
cos 8 x   
  8
  cos 8 x  1 dx

1 1
  x cos 8 x   cos 8 x dx
8 8
CONTINUE
D
1 1 1
  x cos 8 x   sin 8 x  C
8 8 8
1 1
  x cos 8 x  sin 8 x  C.
8 64
§ 9.3
Evaluation of Definite Integrals
Section Outline
 The Definite Integral
 Evaluating Definite Integrals
 Change of Limits Rule
 Finding the Area Under a Curve
 Integration by Parts and Definite Integrals
The Definite Integral
where F΄(x) = f (x).
Evaluating Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE
Evaluate. 1 1
0 1  2 x  4 dx
SOLUTION
First let u = 1 + 2x and therefore du = 2dx. So, we
have 1 1 1
 1  2 x  4
dx   4
 du
u 2
1 4

2  u du
u 3
 C
6

 1  2x
3
 C.
6
Evaluating Definite Integrals
CONTINUE
D
Consequently,
1 1 1  2 x  3 1
0 1  2 x  4 dx 
6 0

 1  2 1
3

 1  2  0
3
6 6
1 1
 
 6  33  6 13
1 1 26 13
    .
 162  6 162 81
Change of Limits Rule
Using the Change of Limits Rule
EXAMPLE
Evaluate using the Change of Limits Rule.

1 1
0 1  2 x  4 dx
SOLUTION
First let u = 1 + 2x and therefore du = 2dx. When x = 0 we have u = 1 + 2(0) = 1.

And when x = 1, u = 1 + 2(1) = 3. Thus
1 1 3 1 1
0 1  2 x  4 1 u 4 2 du
dx  
1 3 4

2 1
u du
3
1 u 3 1 1 26 13
      .
2  3 1  6  33  6 13 162 81
Finding the Area Under a Curve
EXAMPLE
Find the area of the shaded region.
SOLUTION
To find the area of the shaded region, we will integrate the given function. But
we must know what our limits of integration will be. Therefore, we must
determine the three x-intercepts of the function.
y  x 9  x2 This is the given function.
CONTINUE
D
0  x 9  x2 Replace y with 0 to find the
x-intercepts.
x0 9  x2  0 Set each factor equal to 0.
x0 9  x2  0 Solve for x.
x  3
Therefore, the left-most region (above the x-axis) starts at x = -3 and ends at
x = 0. The right-most region (below the x-axis) starts at x = 0 and ends at x = 3.
So, to find the area in the shaded regions, we will use the following.
0 3

3
 x 9  x 2 dx  0
 x 9  x 2 dx .
Now let’s find an antiderivative for both integrals. We will use u = 9 – x2 and
du = -2xdx.
CONTINUE
D 1
   dx  
2
x 9 x u du
2
1 12

2  u du
1 2 32 1
  u  C  u3 2  C
2 3 3

1
3

9  x2  32
C
Now we solve for the area.

0 3
0
3 x 9  x dx  0
2
 x 9  x
3
dx 
1
3
92
 x 2
  32 1
 9  x2
3
  32
3 0

1
3
9  02  32

1
3

9    3
2
 32

1
3
9  32  32

1
3
9  02  32
CONTINUE
D
1 32 1
  9   9  9 3 2  1  9  9 3 2  1  9 3 2
3 3 3 3
1 32 1 32 1 32 1 32
  9   0   0   9
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
  27   0   0   27
3 3 3 3
 90  09
 9  9  18
Integration by Parts & Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
e
 ln x dx
1
SOLUTION
To solve this integral, we will need integration by parts. Our calculations can
be set up as follows:
f  x   ln x g x  1
1
f  x   G  x   x.
x
Then
1
 ln x dx  x ln x   x  x
dx
Integration by Parts & Definite Integrals
CONTINUE
D
 x ln x   1dx
 x ln x  x  C.
Therefore, we have
ln x dx   x ln x  x  1
e

e
1
  e ln e  e   1 ln 1  1
  e 1  e   1 0  1
0
§ 9.4
Approximation of Definite Integrals
Section Outline
 The Midpoint Rule
 The Trapezoidal Rule
 Simpson’s Rule
 Error Analysis
The Midpoint Rule
Using the Midpoint Rule
EXAMPLE
Approximate the following integral by the midpoint rule.
 
4
1
3
2 x  3 dx; n3
SOLUTION
We have Δx = (b – a)/n = (4 – 1)/3 = 1. The endpoints of the four subintervals

begin at a = 1 and are spaced 1 unit apart. The first midpoint is at a + Δx/2 =
1.5. The midpoints are also spaced 1 unit apart. According to the midpoint
rule, the integral is approximately equal to
 2 1.5  3 3 3 3

  2  2.5  3   2  3.5  3 1  72.
The Trapezoidal Rule
Using the Trapezoidal Rule
EXAMPLE
Approximate the following integral by the trapezoidal rule.
 
4
1
3
2 x  3 dx; n3
SOLUTION
As in the last example, Δx = 1 and the endpoints of the subintervals are a0 = 1,

a1 = 2, a2 = 3, and a3 = 4. The trapezoidal rule gives
 2 1  3 3
 2   2  2  3  2   2  3  3    2  4  3 
3 3 3
 12  90.
Simpson’s Rule
Using Simpson’s Rule
EXAMPLE
Approximate the following integral by Simpson’s rule.
 
4
1
3
2 x  3 dx; n3
SOLUTION
As in the last example, Δx = 1 and the endpoints of the subintervals are a0 = 1,

a1 = 2, a2 = 3, and a3 = 4. Simpson’s rule gives
 2 1  3 3 3 3 3 3 3
 3 1
 4   2 1.5  3  2   2  2  3  4   2  2.5  3  2   2  3  3  4   2  3.5  3   2  4  3   78.
6
NOTE: Although this happens to be the exact answer, remember that

Simpson’s Rule is still just an approximation and therefore it generally yields
only an estimate of the exact answer, not the exact answer itself.
Error Analysis
Using Error Analysis
EXAMPLE
Obtain a bound on the error of using the midpoint rule with n = 3 to approximate
 
4
1
3
2 x  3 dx; n3
SOLUTION
Here a = 1, b = 4, and f (x) = (2x – 3)3. Differentiating twice, we find that
f  x   48 x  72.
How large could | f ΄΄(x)| be if x satisfies 1 ≤ x ≤ 4? Since the function 48x – 72

is clearly increasing on the interval from 1 to 4 (in fact, it’s increasing
everywhere), its greatest value occurs at x = 4. Therefore, its greatest value is
48 4   72  120,
Using Error Analysis
CONTINUE
D
so we may take A = 120 in the preceding theorem. The error of approximation
using the midpoint rule is at most
120 4  1 120 3
3 3
  15.
24 3
2
24  9 
NOTE: We have hitherto determined that the exact value of this integral is 78
and that the midpoint approximation for it (using n = 3) is 72. Therefore, this
approximation was in error by 78 – 72 = 6. Our result in this exercise says that
our midpoint approximation error should be no greater than 15. Since 6 is no
greater than 15, this result suggests that our midpoint approximation was done
correctly.
§ 9.5
Some Applications of the Integral
Section Outline
 The Riemann Sum
 Interest Compounded Continuously
 Continuous Stream of Income
 Population in a Ring
The Riemann Sum
Δx = (b – a)/n, t1, t2, …., tn are selected points from a partition [a, b].
Interest Compounded Continuously
A  Pe rt
A  Amount of money you end up with

P  Amount of money you started with
r  Interest rate
t  Number of years the money is growing
Continuous Stream of Income
EXAMPLE
Find the present value of a stream of earnings generated over the next 2 years
at the rate of 50 + 7t thousand dollars per year at time t, assuming a 10%
interest rate.
SOLUTION
Using the theorem above, we have K(t) = 50 + 7t, r = 0.06, T1 = 0 and T2 = 2.

So, we have
  50  7t  e
2
 0.10t
dt.
0
To evaluate, we will need to rewrite the integral

as
0  50  7t  e
2 2 2 2
 0.10t
dt   50e  0.10t
 7te  0.10t
dt   50e  0.10t
dt   7te 0.10t dt
0 0 0
and then evaluate the first integral directly and the second using integration by
parts. Upon doing this, we have
CONTINUE
D 2
0
 0.10 t

  50  7t  e dt   500e   70te  700e
 0.1t  0.1t
 
 0.1t
 2
0
  1200e  0.1t
 70te  0.1t 2
0
.
Now we evaluate the integral.

2
  
 1200e 0.1t  70te 0.1t   1200e 0.12  70  2  e 0.12   1200e 0.10  70  0  e 0.10
0

   1097.10    1200  102.90
So the present value of the described stream of earnings is $102.90.
Population in a Ring
Population in a Ring
EXAMPLE
The population density of Philadelphia in 1940 was given by the function

60e-0.4t. Calculate the number of people who lived within 5 miles of the city
center.
SOLUTION
Using the theorem above, we have D(t) = 60e-0.4t, a = 0 and b = 5. So, we have
5 5
 2t 60e dt   120te 0.4t .
 0.4 t
0 0
Using integration by parts, we have

5 5
0
120te 0.4t   300te 0.4t  750e 0.4t
0
  
  300  5  e 0.45  750e 0.45   300  0  e 0.40  750e 0.40 
 2250e 2  750  1400 people.
§ 9.6
Improper Integrals
Section Outline
 Improper Integrals
 Evaluating Improper Integrals
Improper Integrals
Definition Example
Improper Integral: A
tool used to calculate
the area of a region that
extends infinitely far to
the right or left along
the x-axis. Used when
a limit of integration
takes on a value of ∞ or
-∞.
Evaluating Improper Integrals
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the improper integral if it is

convergent.
 x 

2
 1 dx
0
SOLUTION
b
 
b 1  1  1  1
x 2  1 dx   x 3  x    b 3  b     03  0   b3  b
0
3 0 3  3  3
1 3
As b → ∞, b  b approaches ∞, so the integral is divergent. Therefore, there
3
is no solution.
EXAMPLE

convergent.  2
1 x3 2
dx
SOLUTION

b
x
2
32

dx  2    2 x 1 2  b

4 4 4
  4
1 1
b 1 b
4
As b → ∞, approaches 0, so the integral is convergent. Therefore,
b
 2 b 2 4 
 1 x3 2
dx 
b   1 x 3 2
lim dx  lim
b 

 b
 4   4.

EXAMPLE

convergent. 0

e 4 x dx
SOLUTION
0
0 0 1 4x  1 40 1 4b   1 1 4b 
 
b   b
      e 
4x 4x
e dx lim e dx lim
b   4
e lim 
b   4
e e  lim
b  4  b   4
 4 
1 1 4b
As b → -∞, e approaches 0 so that  e approaches 1/4. Thus the
4b
4 4
improper integral converges and has value 1/4.

27AnexoM ExploracionDelSubsuelo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

27AnexoM ExploracionDelSubsuelo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9

Determine the integral by making an appropriate substitution.

Determine the integral by making an appropriate substitution.

Determine the integral by making an appropriate substitution.

 e cos 2 x  C Rewrite u as cos2x.

G(x) is an antiderivative of g(x).

Evaluation of Definite Integrals

where F΄(x) = f (x).

Evaluate using the Change of Limits Rule.

First let u = 1 + 2x and therefore du = 2dx. When x = 0 we have u = 1 + 2(0) = 1.

Find the area of the shaded region.

y  x 9  x2 This is the given function.

Now we solve for the area.

Approximation of Definite Integrals

Approximate the following integral by the midpoint rule.

We have Δx = (b – a)/n = (4 – 1)/3 = 1. The endpoints of the four subintervals

Approximate the following integral by the trapezoidal rule.

As in the last example, Δx = 1 and the endpoints of the subintervals are a0 = 1,

Approximate the following integral by Simpson’s rule.

As in the last example, Δx = 1 and the endpoints of the subintervals are a0 = 1,

NOTE: Although this happens to be the exact answer, remember that

Here a = 1, b = 4, and f (x) = (2x – 3)3. Differentiating twice, we find that

How large could | f ΄΄(x)| be if x satisfies 1 ≤ x ≤ 4? Since the function 48x – 72

Some Applications of the Integral

A  Amount of money you end up with

Using the theorem above, we have K(t) = 50 + 7t, r = 0.06, T1 = 0 and T2 = 2.

To evaluate, we will need to rewrite the integral

Now we evaluate the integral.

So the present value of the described stream of earnings is $102.90.

The population density of Philadelphia in 1940 was given by the function

Using integration by parts, we have

Evaluate the improper integral if it is

Evaluate the improper integral if it is

Evaluate the improper integral if it is

You might also like