ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS

Bushra Fatima
NED University of Engineering & Technology
December 21st 2017
 2 of 67

Projection
Presentation of an image and/or object on a surface.

The surface may be a wall, screen or retina of

human eye.

METU NCC
 3 of 67

Projection theory

The principles used to graphically

represent 3-D objects and structures on
2-D media.

Based on two variables:

1. Line of sight
2. plane of projection.

METU NCC
Line of sight 4 of 67

2 types:
1. Parallel
2. Converging

METU NCC
Plane of Projection 5 of 67

A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the

image created by the lines of sight is projected.
The image is produced by connecting the points where the lines of
sight pierce the projection plane.

METU NCC
 6 of 67

METU NCC
 7 of 67
Projection Systems

METU NCC
Perspective Projection 8 of 67

METU NCC
 9 of 67

Perspective Projection

METU NCC
 10 of 67

Perspective Projection

METU NCC
 11 of 67

Disadvantage of Perspective
Projection
Not used by engineers:

1.Difficult to create

2.Does not reveal true size

METU NCC
 12 of 67
Parallel Projection

METU NCC
 13 of 67

Parallel Projection

METU NCC
 14 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 15 of 67
Orthographic Projection
• When the projectors are parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of projection

• The lines of sight of the observer create a ‘view’ on

the screen.

• The screen is referred to as the Plane of Projection

(POP).

• The lines of sight are called projection lines or

projectors. Thus observer, object and POP are the
three basic elements of a projection system
METU NCC
 16 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 17 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 18 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 19 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 20 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 21 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 22 of 67

Six Principal Views

METU NCC
Orthographic Projection 23 of 67

METU NCC
Orthographic Projection 24 of 67

METU NCC
 25 of 67

METU NCC
 26 of 67

METU NCC
 27 of 67

METU NCC
 28 of 67

METU NCC
 29 of 67

METU NCC
 30 of 67

METU NCC
 31 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 32 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 33 of 67
Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 34 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 35 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 36 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 37 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 38 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 39 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 40 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
 41 of 67

Orthographic Projection

METU NCC
First Angle Projection 42 of 67

• ISO standard

• Used in Europe and most of the world

• Object placed between the observer and

the projection plane

• Object placed in the first quadrant

METU NCC
 43 of 67
First Angle Projection

METU NCC
 44 of 67
First Angle Projection

METU NCC
 45 of 67
First Angle Projection

METU NCC
 46 of 67
First Angle Projection

METU NCC
 47 of 67
Third Angle Projection

METU NCC
 48 of 67
Frontal Plane of Projection

METU NCC
 49 of 67
Horizontal Plane of Projection

METU NCC
 50 of 67
Profile Plane of Projection

METU NCC
 51 of 67
Third angle Projection

METU NCC
 52 of 67
Third Angle Projection

METU NCC
 53 of 67
Third Angle Projection
• ANSI Standard
• used in US, Canada and Australia.

METU NCC
 54 of 67
Third Angle Projection

METU NCC
 55 of 67
Third Angle Projection

METU NCC
 56 of 67

FV LSV

LSV FV

METU NCC
 57 of 67

One view Drawing

METU NCC
 58 of 67

Two view Drawing

METU NCC
 59 of 67

Half view Drawing

METU NCC
 60 of 67

METU NCC
 Viewing angles for ellipses 61 of 67

The size or exposure of an ellipse is determined by the angle of the line of sight
relative to the circle.
METU NCC
 62 of 67

METU NCC
 63 of 67

METU NCC
 64 of 67

METU NCC
 65 of 67

METU NCC
 66 of 67

METU NCC
 67 of 67

METU NCC