Rate of Change :

Average Rate of Change:

The average rate of Change of y=f(x) with respect to x in the
interval [x, x + ∆x] is the slope of the secant line joining the points (x,
f(x)) and (x + ∆x, f(x + ∆x)) on the graph of y=f(x)

∆y f(x+∆x) - f(x) ∆y f(x2) - f(x1)

∆x = ∆x ∆x = x2 - x1
 The Instantaneous Rate of Change:
• The Instantaneous rate of change of y=f(x) with respect to x at the point (x,f(x))is
the slope of the tangent line to the graph of y=f(x)
dy =lim f(x+Δx)-f(x)
dx Δx→0 Δx

Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change

Example:
1. Supposed the function of is defined by y=f(x)= x² - x.
a) Find the average rate of change of y with respect to x over the interval [1, 3]
b) Find the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at the point
x= -1.

Solution:
a) ∆y = f(x2) - f(x1) = Notice that ∆x = x2 - x1
∆x x2 - x1
∆y = f(3)² - f(1) = ((3)²-3) - ((1)² - 1)
∆x 3-1 3-1
=3

Thus, on the average y increases 3 units per unit increase in x over the interval ( 1, 3)
b) to find the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x, we
differentiate the given function with respect x. That is,
y = x² - x where x= -1
dy = 2x - 1 Since the instantaneous rate of change is
dx - at x= -1, y is decreasing at the point
= 2(-1) -(1) x = -1.
=-3
Ex 2. The function f(t) = t² + 5t - 4
shows the no. of pieces produce by
a manufacturing company per
second. Find
a) The number of pieces produced a 5
seconds and at 6 seconds.
ans: 46 , 62
b) The average rate of increase in
production from 5 seconds to 6 second.
ans: 16 pieces / second
c) The rate of change at 5 seconds and at 6
seconds
ans: 15, 17
Ex 3. The formula for finding the Area
of a circle is given by A=πr². Find
a) the average rate at which the
area of a circle changes with r as
the radius increases from r = 1
to r =3.
ans: 4π
b) the instantaneous rate at
which the area of a circle
change with r, when r= 3.
ans: 6r
Higher Order Derivatives
• Higher order derivatives are the Ex. Find the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
result of two or more successive derivatives of y = x5 - 2x-3 - 4x + 2.
differentiation of a function. For dy = 5x4 + 6x-4 - 4
instance,given the function y=f(x) we
may define the higher order dx
derivatives as follows
d²y = dy dy = 20x3 - 24x-5
dx² dx dx

d²y = dy dy = 60x2 + 120x-6

dx² dx dx
Ex 2. Find the y'''' if y=(3x-2)(x+5)

Ex 3. Find the second derivatives of

y= x - 1
x+1
The Implicit Differentiation:
Here, functions in the form of y=f(x)
which expresses y explicitly in term of
x, the differentiated according to the
rules of the type of function involve.
However, some equation do not give y
explicitly in terms of x. Such equation I
said to be determine y as an implicit
function of x, that is, of the form f(x)=0
differentiate y, we differentiate it as
usual but multiply the result by
dy/dx.
Note: Every time we differentiate y,
always multiply the result by dy/dx.
Ex. Find the dy/dx if xy=x + y

To find the derivative of an implicit

function, f(x)=0 with respect to x, y is
considered as an unknown but
differentiable function of x, and every
time we
• Solution: • (implicit method)
method 1 (rule of Differentiation)
xy = x + y
xy = x + y
xy - y = x x(1). dy/dx +y(1) = (1) + (1) . dy/dx
y(x-y) = x x . dy/dx + y = 1 +dy/dx
y(x-1) = x
dy/dx . (x-1) = 1-y
y= x
(x-1) applying qutient rule dy/dx = 1-y
x - y, since y = x
dy = (x-1)(1) -x(1) x-1
dx (x - 1)2
= x - 1 -x 1-x x - 1 -x
(x-1)2 dy = x-1 = x - 1 = __1___
= 1
dx x-1 x-1 (x-1)2
(x-1)2
• Assign
1. Find dy/dx, if ( x + y)1/2 + 1 = x 2 - y2
Application of Derivatives
• Applied Optimization Problem
• Strategy for Solving Optimization Problems:
1. Read the problem carefully, Assign variables to all quantities involved in
the problem. When feasible, make a sketch and label it appropriately.
2. Translate all relationships into mathematical equations, then identify the
variables to be maximized or minimized and express it as a function of only
one variable.
3. Determine the values of the variable for which the stated problem make
sense.
4. Apply the Extreme-Value Theorem to determine the desired maximum or
minimum
Example
1. (Finding the maximum area)
Find the dimension of the
rectangular lot that can be
enclosed using 1,000m of fencing
material and whose area is as
large as possible.
2. (finding the maximim volume)An
open box with a rectangular base is
to be made from 120cm by 240 cm of
steel plate by cutting out squares of
equal size from the four corners and
bending up the sides. Find the size of
the corner square to obtain a box
with the largest possible volume.
• Example 3
(finding the maximum area) first
class radio-telephone operator
wishes to cut the wire 100 meters
long into two pieces. One of the
pieces will be bent ito the shape of a
square and the other into the shape
of a circle. Where should he cut te
wire so that the sum of the areas of
the square and the circle is
maximized?
• Solution 1: Draw the fingure and label
x A = xy,
A = xy = x (500-x)
y P = 2x + 2y A = 500x-x2 ( differentiate the equation with
respect to X

Let x = length of the rectngulat lot

dA = 500 -2x , 500-2x = 0
y = width of the rectangular lot
dx
A = area of the lot
x = 250 (substituting the value to Y=500-x)
P = perimeter of the rectangular lot
= 1,000 meters
Y= 500 - 250, y=250

P= 2x + 2y
A = xy
1,000 = 2x + 2y
= (250)(250)
1,000 - 2x = 2y
= 62,500 sq. meters
Y = 500 - x (substituting the value to A = xy)
• Solution 2: Illustrate the figure and V = (28800-480x-240x + 4x²)(x)
label
= 28800x - 480x²-240x² + 4x³
240 cm
= 28800x-720x²+4x³
120cm 120-2x (to find the maximum value,
differentiate the equation with
respect to x the solve for value of
240-2x x)
dv =( 28800 - 1440x +12x² )12
Let x = side of the square to be cut out dx
V = volme of the box 2400 - 120x + x² = 0

The volme of the box will be;

Using the quadratic formula, let
V = (legnth)(width)(thickness) a=1, b = -120, c=2400
= (240-2x)(120-2x)(x)
 __________________
x= -b±√(-120²-(4)(1)(2400)
2a
__________________
= -(-120)±√(-120)²-(4)(1)(2400)
2(1)
_____________
= 120±√1440-9600
2 + 4(25.36)³
= 60 ±34.64
x1 = 60 + 34.64 = 94.64
x2 = 60 - 34.64 = 25.36
• substituting the value of x
v1 = 28800x - 720x² + 4x³
= (28800)(94.64) - 720(94.64)²
+ 4(94.64)³
= -332,553.75 cm³
V2 = 28800x - 720x² + 4x³
= (28800)(25.36) - 720(25.36)²
= 332,553.75 cm³
since there is no negative volume,
value of x should be 25.36cm
• Solution 3. 2πr = 100-x, r = 100 -x
Draw the figure and label. 2π
___________100 meters____________
Area of a square = s²
= (1/4x)²
=1/16 x²
Let x = one of the cut pieces of the wire
100 - x = length of the other piece, and Area of a circle = πr²
let the piece of length x be bent to form = π 100 -x ² = π(100-x)²
a square of side (s)so that;
2π 4π²
4s = x, S = 1/4x
= (100-x)²
If the remaining piece is bent into a
circle of radius r, then 4π
• Total Area is the sum of the area of 0 = x + (100²-200x +x²)
the square and the area of the circle. 8 4π
At = Ac + As 0 = x + (-200 +2x)
= x² + (100-x)² 8 4π
16 4π 0= x + 2(-100 +x)
8 4π
Differentiating the above equation
with respect to x 0 = x - 100 + x
dA = x² + (100 - x)² dA = 0 8 2π (Solving for the value
of x)
dx 16 4π dx x = 100 - x X= 800/14.28
= 2(X/16) + (100-x)²/4π 8 2π
0 = x + (100-x)(100-x) x = 56m
8 4π
Substituting the value of x in 100-x,
100 - x = x2
x2 = 100-56 x2= 44m

Total Area is now

At = Ac + As
= x1² + (100-x)²
16 4π
=( 56)² + (44)²
16 4π
= 196 + 154.1
At = 350.1 sq. meter
Related Rate Problem
• Strategy for Solving Related RAte Problems:
1. Draw the figure and label the variables and constant. Use t for time. Assume all
variables are differentiable function of t.

2. Find an equatin relating the quantity with the unknown rate of change quantities
whose rates of change are known. Do not substitute the unkown value of the
variables until after taking the derivative.

3. Differentiate both sides of this equation with repesct to time and solve for the
derivative that will give the unknown rate of change.

4. Substitute into the resulting equation all known values for the variables and their
rates of change. Then solve for the required rate of change.
• Example:
1. ( A ladder sliding down) The top of
the ladder 10 meters long rests on a
vertical wall of a residential building
while the bottom rests on a horizontal
ground. If the top slides down at the
rate of 20 meters per minute, how
fast is the lower end moves along the
ground when the lower end is 8m
from the wall.
2. (A moving shadow) A man 167.68
cmtall is walking directly away from a
lamp post fronting a building at the
rate of 91.46 cm per second. If the
lamp is 8 meters above the ground,
find;
a) the rate at which his shadow is
lengthening and
b) the rate at which the tip of his
shadow is moving.
3. (Coke level is falling) A girl is
using a straw to drink coke from a
right cylinder glass at the rate of
6cu. cm per second. If the height
of the glass is 12 cm and the
diameter is 6cm, how fast is the
level of the coke falling at a
constant rate.
Solution 1: Draw the figure and Using pythagoreamn theorem
label 10² = x² + y², differentiating both
10m y sides of the equation;
x 0 = 2x(dx/dt) + 2y( dy/dt)
Let t = time elapsed since the dx = y . dy
ladder started to slide down dt x dt
y = distance from the ground Using the above equation, Find dx
to the top of the ladder
dt
x = dis tance from the bottom
if x = 8, y= 6m,dy/dt = -20m/mins
of the ladder to the wall
dx = 6m (-20m/mins)
to find dx/dt when x=8 meters
dt 8m
= -15m/mins
 • By similar triangle, we can find the
Draw the figure and label. rate at which the man's shadow is
167.68cm lengthening.
800cm s = x+s
(8m) 167.68 800
__X______s___
800Ss- 167.68s = 167.68x
Let s = length of man's shadow s = 167.68x s= 0.27x
x = distance of the man from the 632.32
lamp post Differentiating the above
ds/dt = rate at which the man's shadow is
lengthening ds = (s)(dx/dt)
dw/dt = rate at which the tip of the dt
man's shadow is moving
dx/dt = rate at which the man is moving away
= 0.27 . dx = (0.27)(91.46)
from the lamp post dt dx/dt = 24.69cps
Let w = x + s. Notice that the tip of Solution 3.
man's shadow is moving in a line, so we Draw the figure and label.
differentiate w with respect to t and get;
w=x+s
dw = dx + ds r r
dt dt dt
= (91.46) + (24.69)
= 116.15 cps h
At any time t, the volume of coke in
the glass can be expressed in terms of
the volume of a right cylinder.
where V = volume
h = are all functi of time
r = is radius, which is constant
• To find dh/dt
where r = 3cm
dv/dt = 6 cu cm
Differentiating below equation with respect to time, since radius is fixed, solving for
dh/ft.

Volume = πr²h
dV = πr²dh
dt dt
6cu. cm ps = (3.14)(3)²dh
dt
dh = 6 cu cm ps
dt -28.26 cm
= -0.21 cps (Notice that dh/dt is - bec the level of coke is
falling)
 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions:
In finding the derivatives of trigonometric
functions, the following steps should be
followed.
a) Apply the definition of Sine function in
finding the derivatives of the given function.
b) Multiply the derivative of the sine function
to the derivative of u, if the function of sine is
still defferentiable
c) Simplify the resulting derivatives
1. The derivative of Sine x Function
If y = f(x) = Sin x, where x is a differiantiable
function, then y' = Cos x.
Let y = sin u and u=f(x).
d sin u = cos u.du
2. The derivative of Cosine x Function
If y = f(x) = cos x, where x is a
differentiable function, then, y= -sin x.
Let y = f(x) = cos x.
d cos u = -sin u.du
3. The derivative of Tangent Function
If y= f(x)=Tan x, where x is a
differentiable function, the y'=sec²x.
Let y=f(x)=tan x= sin x
cos x
d tan u = sec²u . du
4. The derivative of Secant x Function 6. The derivative of Cotangent x
if y=f(x)=sec x, where x is a Function
differentiable fuction, then y'=sec x tan if y=f(x)=cot x, where x is a
x. differentiable fuction, then y'=csc² x
Let y=f(x)=sec x= 1 =(cos x)-1
Let y=f(x)=cot x = 1 = (tan x)-1
cos x
tan x
d sec u = sec u tan u . du
5. The derivative of Cosecant x d cot u = -csc² u . du
Function.
if y=f(x)=cscx, where x is a
differentiable function, then y'=-cos x
cot x
Let y=f(x)=csc x = 1 = (sin x) -1
sin x
d cscu = -csc u cot u.du
 Summary of Formulas

• Derivative of Sine • Derivative of Secant

d sin u = cos u . du d sec u = sec u tan u . du
• Derivative of Cosine • Derivative of Cosecant
d cos u = -sin u . du d csc u = -csc u cot u . du
• Derivative of Tangent • Derivative of Cotangent
d tan u = sec² u . du d cot u = -csc²u . du
Example for Sine Function • Example for Cosine Function
1. Find dy/dx if y=sin(x² + 3x + 1) 1. y = cos(-4x + 5)
Sol’n: using dsin u=cos u . du = (-sin (4x + 5)).-4
Dy/dx = cos(x² +3x + 1).(2x + 3) = 4sin(-4x + 5)
= (2x + 3)cos(x² + 3x +1)
2. f(x) = cos ³ (3x)
2. Find dy/dx if y = 4sin(2x-3) = 3(cos 3x)( –sin3x)(3)
Dy/dx = 4cos(2x-3).2+Sin(2x-3)(0) = -9sin 3x cos² 3x

3. Y = Sin³ 2x 3. Y = sin x cos x

Dy/dx = (3)sin² 2x cos2x(2) Dy/dx = sin x (-sin x) + cos x sin x
= 6sin²2x cos2x = -sin²x cos²x
Example for tangent Function 3. Y = sin (x + 1) tan 3x
1. Y = tan 5x Dy/dx = sin (x + 1) sec² 3x (3) + tan 3x
Dy/dx = sec²5x . 5 cos (x + 1)
= 5sec² 5x = 3 sin (x + 1) sec² 3x + tan 3x cos
(x +1)
2. Y = cos x tan x (applying product rule)
Dy/dx = cos x sec²x + tan x (–sin x)
= cos x 1 + sinx (-sinx)
cos² x cos x
= 1 + (-sin²c)
cos x cos x
= 1-sin²x
cos x
Example for Secant Function
1. Y = sec 3x
dy/dx = sec 3x tan 3x (3)
= 3 sec 3x tan 3x
2. y = sec (3x² + 5x)
Dy/dx =sec (3x² + 5x)tan (3x² + 5x)(6x + 5)
= (6x + 5) sec (3x² + 5x)tan (3x² + 5x)
Example for cosecant Function
1. Y = Csc (7x³ + 9x² + 5x - 1)
Dy/dx = (21x² + 18x + 5) (-csc 7x³ +
9x² + 5x -1) cot (7x³ = 9x² + 5x – 1)
= (-21x² - 18x - 5) csc ( 7x³ +
9x² + 5x -1) cot (7x³ = 9x² + 5x – 1)
2. Y = csc (5x⁴-10x³ + 6x² -7x + 5)
Dy/dx = (20x³ - 30x² + 6x – 7) (-
csc(5x⁴ - 10x³ + 6x² -7x + 5)) cot (5x⁴
- 10x³ + 6x² -7x + 5)
=(-20x³ + 30x² - 6x + 7) csc(5x⁴ - 10x³
+ 6x² -7x + 5)) cot (5x⁴ - 10x³ + 6x² -
7x + 5)
Example for Cotangent
1. y = x cot x
Dy/dx = x(-sec²x ) + cot x
= -x sec²x + cot x

2. Y = tan x sec x
Dy/dx = tan x (sec x tan x) + (sec x)(sec²x)
= tan²x sec x + sec ³x
= sec x tan²x + sec³x
Inverse Trigonometric function
2. Derivative of cos¯¹x:
1. Derivative of sin¯¹x:
To derive the formula for finding the
To derive the formula for finding the derivative of y = cos¯¹x
derivative of y = sin¯¹x, we differentiate
implicitly with respect to x, the equation cos y = x -sin y. dy/dx = 1
sin y = x, cos y . Dy/dx = 1
The derivative of tan ¯¹ x
The derivative of cot ¯¹ x
To derive the formula for finding the
To derive the formula for finding the
derivatives of y=tan ¯¹ x
derivatives of y=cot ¯¹ x
Cot y = x -csc²y . dy/dx =1
Dy/dx = 1/ csc²y
• The derivative of sec ¯¹ x • The derivative of csc ¯¹ x
Summary of formula