EFFECT OF INDUCTION OF MUTATION TROUGH

GAMMA RAYS ON VEGETATIVE, FLORAL AND YIELD

PARAMETERS OF VARIETIES OF OKRA
(ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L) MONECH

BY
QASIR ALI
Contents
1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Materials and Method

4. Result and Discussion

5. Conclusion

6. Acknowledgement
OKRA
Botanical Name
 Family
 Description
 Uses
 Mutagenesis
INTRODUCTION:
In the list of Pakistani vegetation, Okra is the most highly valuable crop in vegetable
which grows for its green loving fruits.
Other names of okra are lady’s finger or gumbo.
Its botanical name is Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Monech. and belongs to Family
Malvaceae.
It is an yearly or perennial class, grows for about two meters of length at maturity.
The fruit or pod is classified as capsule which may be of 18 cm in length, containing
many seeds.
It is cultivated once at some stage in the humid and hot moderate areas of the globe
intended for its rubbery fruits or pods contain rounded, pallid seeds.
In majority of cases it is classified as warmth and drought charitable vegetable class.
The extreme chill can harm the fruits.
They may be grown in soil with witty clay and irregular humidity.
During farming, the seeds be sown to an intensity of approximately one-two cm in
depth. Germination takes place among six days to a few weeks.
Okra has exclusive mucilaginous fluid and is filled of precious nutrients
almost half of which is soluble filament in the shape of gums along with
pectin.
Soluble fiber support to reduce serum in cholesterol, which then minimize
the threat of heart disorder. Okra contain a lot of nutrients, counting
fibers, vitamin B6 and folic acid .
Breeders and genetics are in the need of satisfactory and wonderful
production of okra.
The success of propagation rest lying in changeability also its appropriate
management in developing further well-organized inhabitants through
using a range of approach.
The accompaniments of recent sorts in the direction of the hereditary band were definitely
likely via transmutation.
Research are achieved to find out the labors of numerous steps of gamma irradiations on
agronomic traits of gumbo.
Transmutation propagation is mainly precious for plants and animals.(Ullah et al .,2013)
The varied propagation techniques in research has opened a new strategy for hereditary
improvement of plant life inside Pakistan.
The ionizing rays have provide an imaginative medium towards set off variation, when
devoted in combining through normal propagation practices. In the direction to achieve
various goal of nutrition, personal capability, labors need to complete and to elevate
capitulate of meals consistent within element region. (Tah 2006).
OBJECTIVES
 To assess the performance of irradiated mutants of Okra against
their non-irradiated lines of Okra varieties in the hilly
environment of village, “Samang” nearby campus of Shaheed
Benazir Bhutto University, Upper-Dir.
 To screen out the effective radiation doses affecting the
architecture along with vegetative and floral characteristics of
genotypes.
 To find out the significance of radiation on different
morphological characteristics of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus
(L.) Monech.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 Crop season: 2016
 Research Plot: Research Field, Samang nearby Department of Botany,
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir upper, Khyber
Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan.
 Utilized Germplasm: Okra Hybrids (Abelmoschus esculentus L.
Monech ), Tarnab Farm, Peshawar;
Hybrid1 = Nutech
Hybrid 2= Tarnab
 Source of Radiation: Co60 gamma source
 NIFA (Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture,
Peshawar).
 Doses of gamma radiations: 10, 15, 20, and 25 Krad.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 Plot Design : Split Plot
 Plot size :15m x 10m = 150 cm2
 Replications: 3
 Treatments :30 along with control with two Hybrids.
 Seeds were sown in the soil at about 4-5 cm depth.
 The gap in between two rows :70 cm apart
 Space between plant to plant: 30 cm.
 M1 Generation Data.
(A). Vegetative Characteristics
1.Days taken to germination.
2.Plant height.
3. Number of leaves per plant.
(B). Floral Characteristics
4.Number of flowers plant-1.
5.Number of fruits plant-1.
6.Fresh weight of fruits plant-1 .
7. Dry weight of fruits plant-1 .
8.Length of fruits plant-1 .
C. Germplasm Characteristics.
 9.Number of seed plant-1.
 10. Number of seeds per Fruit.
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
 For statistical analysis: Statistix Sofware (ANOVA
 Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference Test) .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 The result have been highlighted
 table A1 to A11, (ANOVA Tables)
 and table B1 to B11 (Mean Table)
 Figures 1 to 11.
 PLANT HEIGHT.
Appendix 1: Analysis of variance for Plant Tallness in okra varieties as affected by gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 42.5 21.258

Factor.A (Varieties) 1 823.7 823.728 3.37 0.2077 NS

Error 2 488.5 244.251
Factor.B (Treatment) 4 2252.1 563.022 1.46 0.2613 NS
AB 4 353.4 88.354 0.23 0.9183 NS
Error 16 6181.7 386.354
 Tab B1: Result of gamma radiations on plant tallness in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiation Doses Kr Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 98.33..a 83.36 a 90.84 A
(T1) 10 96. 75.8 a 86.08 A
37 a
( T2) 15 84.5 a 74.6 a 79.5 A
(T3) 20 68.25 a 63 a 65.63 A
(T4) 25 80.5 .a 79.8 a 80.15 A
Mean 85.59 75.11
120

100

80
Nutech
60
Tarnab
40 Mean

20

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Number of leaves plant1.
Appendix 2: Analysis of variance for Number of Leaves plant1 in okra varieties as affected by
gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 106.538 53.2690

Factor.A.(Varieties) 1 40.833 40.8333 2.22 0.2745 NS

Error 2 36.741 18.3703

Factor.B (Treatment) 4 89.245 22.3113 1.32 0.3058 NS

AB 4 10.507 2.6267 0.16 0.9579 NS

Error 16 271.008 16.9380

Tab B2: Result of gamma radiations on Number of leaves plant1 in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiation Doses Krad Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 16.9 a 14.13 a 15.51 A

(T1) 10 15.23 a 13 a 9.15 A

( T2) 15 12.56 a 12.26 a 12.41 A
(T3) 20 13.03 a 10.63 a 11.83 A
(T4) 25 18.3 a 14.33 a 16.31 A
Mean 15.2 12.87

20

15
Nutech
10 Tarnab
Mean
5

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Number of flowers plant1.
Appendix 3: Analysis of variance for Number of flowers plant1 in okra varieties as affected
by gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 33.921 16.961

Factor.A(Varieties) 1 0.363 0.363 0.04 0.8670 NS

Error 2 20.174 10.087

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 584.605 146.151 15.09 0.0000 **

AB 4 176.880 44.220 4.57 0.0119 *

Error 16 154.932 9.683

Tab B 3: Result of gamma radiations on Number of flowers plant1 in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiations Dose Krad Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 9.76 bc 7.78 c 8.77 C
(T1) 10 15.7 abc 12.66 abc 14.18 BC
( T2) 15 16.2 abc 22.81 a 19.50 AB
(T3) 20 23.66 a 16.95 abc 20.30 A
(T4) 25 17.46 abc 21.48 ab 19.47 AB
Mean 16.55 16.33

25

20

15 Nutech
Tarnab
10
Mean
5

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Number of fruits plant1.
Appendix 4: Analysis of variance for Number of fruits plant1 in okra varieties as
affected by gamma rays.
S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 12.978 6.489

Factor.A(Varieties) 1 8.112 8.112 0.55 0.5369 NS

Error 2 29.718 14.859

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 505.559 126.390 14.63 0.0000 **

AB 4 137.295 34.324 3.97 0.0200 *

Error 16 138.191 8.637

Tab B4: Result of gamma radiations on Number of fruits plant1 in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiation Dose Krads Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 8.8 b 6.96 c 7.88 C
(T1) 10 13.33 ab 10.66 bc 11.99 BC
( T2) 15 16.66 a 20.96 a 18.81 A
(T3) 20 21.66 a 13.9 ab 17.78 A
(T4) 25 15.33 a 18.1 a 16.71 AB
Mean 15.15 14.11

25

20

15 Nutech
Tarnab
10
Mean
5

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Number of Seeds plant1.

Appendix 5: Analysis of variance for Number of seeds plant1 in okra varieties as affected by
gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 59579 29789.7

Factor.A( Varieties) 1 42255 42255.0 61.71 0.0158 *

Error 2 1369 684.7

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 9383 2345.8 6.37 0.0029 **

AB 4 1396 349.0 0.95 0.4623 NS

Error 16 5893 368.3

Tab B5: Result of gamma radiations on Number of seeds plant1 in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiations Dose Krads Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 246.66 b 187.7 a 217.18 B
(T1) 10 306.73 a 223.43 a 265.08 A
( T2) 15 306.26 a 215.36 a 260.81 A
(T3) 20 300.06 a 216.33 a 258.19 A
(T4) 25 269.8 ab 211.4 a 240.6 AB
Mean 285.9 210.84

350
300
250
200 Nutech

150 Tarnab

100 Mean

50
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Fresh weight of fruits plant1.
Appendix 6: Analysis of variance for fresh weight of fruits plant1 in okra varieties as
affected by gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 7.992 3.9960

Factor.A(Varieties) 1 0.675 0.6750 0.02 0.9034 NS

Error 2 71.624 35.8120

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 82.217 20.5542 1.93 0.1552 NS

AB 4 10.557 2.6392 0.25 0.9071 NS

Error 16 170.771 10.6732

Tab B6: Result of gamma radiations on fresh weight of fruits plant1 in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiation. Doses Kr Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 16.96 a 17.1 a 17.03 A
(T1) 10 14.66 a 14.83 a 14.74 A
( T2) 15 16.2 a 15.56 a 15.88 A
(T3) 20 15.7 a 13.33 a 14.51 A
(T4) 25 11.46 a 12.66 a 12.06 A
Mean 14.99 14.69

18
16
14
12
10 Nutech
8 Tarnab
6 Mean
4
2
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Dry weight of fruits plant1.
Appendix 7: Analysis of variance for dry weight of fruits plant1 in okra varieties as affected
by gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 2.0940 1.04700

Factor.A(Varieties) 1 0.8670 0.86700 0.10 0.7841 NS

Error 2 17.7260 8.86300

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 14.6547 3.66367 1.47 0.2574 NS

AB 4 5.9813 1.49533 0.60 0.6679 NS

Error 16 39.8600 2.49125

Tab B7: Result of gamma radiations on dry weight of fruits plant1 in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiation. Doses Kr Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 7.46 a 6.13 a 6.79 A
(T1) 10 6.3 a 7.36 a 6.83 A
( T2) 15 6.7 a 6.36 a 6.53 A
(T3) 20 5.73 a 4.5 a 5.11 A
(T4) 25 5.5 a 5.63 a 5.74 A
Mean 6.33 5.99

8
7
6
5 Nutech
4
Tarnab
3
Mean
2
1
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Length of fruits plant1

Appendix 8: Analysis of variance for length of fruits plant1 in okra varieties as affected by gamma
rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 12.554 6.2770

Factor.A(Varieties) 1 40.833 40.8333 7.92 0.1065 NS

Error 2 10.317 5.1583

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 49.235 12.3088 3.15 0.0433 *

AB 4 7.523 1.8808 0.48 0.7490 NS

Error 16 62.489 3.9056

Tab B 8: Result of gamma radiations on length of fruits plant1 in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiation Doses Kr Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 22.76 a 18.63 a 20.69 A
(T1) 10 21.00 a 19.63 a 20.31 AB
( T2) 15 20.13 a 18.13 a 19.13 AB
(T3) 20 17.96 a 16.43 a 17.19 B
(T4) 25 19.66 a 17.03 a 18.34 AB
Mean 20.3 17.97

25

20

15 Nutech
Tarnab
10
Mean
5

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Number of seeds fruit1.
Appendix 9: Analysis of variance for Number of seeds fruit1 in okra varieties as affected by
gamma rays.
S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 523.03 261.517

Factor.A (Varieties) 1 503.48 503.480 1.27 0.3764 NS

Error 2 791.29 395.646

Factor.B (Treatment) 4 614.08 153.520 6.60 0.0025 **

AB 4 54.35 13.587 0.58 0.6788 NS

Error 16 372.27 23.267

Tab B 9: Result of gamma radiations on Number of seeds fruit1 in okra varieties.

Varieties

Radiations .Dose Krads Nutech Tarnab Mean

( T0) 00 66.03 b 58.3 a 62.16 B

(T1) 10 78.46 a 69.8 a 74.13 A

( T2) 15 73.36 ab 69.9 a 71.63 A

(T3) 20 76.86 a 67.4 a 72.13 A

(T4) 25 80.4 a 68.76 a 74.58 A

Mean 75.02 66.83

90
80
70
60
50 Nutech
40 Tarnab
30 Mean
20
10
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 1000 seeds weight.
Appendix 10: Analysis of variance for 1000 seeds weight in okra varieties as affected by gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 414.87 207.433

Factor.A(Varieties) 1 93.63 93.633 1.36 0.3643 NS

Error 2 138.07 69.033

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 464.13 116.033 2.44 0.0896 NS

AB 4 450.53 112.633 2.37 0.0966 NS

Error 16 761.73 47.608

Tab B10: Result of gamma radiations on 1000 seeds weight in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiations Dose Krs Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 91.33 a 75.33 a 83.33 A
(T1) 10 90.66 a 87.33 a 88.99 A
( T2) 15 82 a 85.66 a 83.83 A
(T3) 20 86 a 91.33 a 88.66 A
(T4) 25 82 a 74.66 a 78.33 A
Mean 86.39 82.86

100
90
80
70
60 Nutech
50
Tarnab
40
30 Mean
20
10
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
 Days taken to germination

Appendix 11: Analysis of variance for Days taken to germination in okra varieties as affected by
gamma rays.

S.O.V D.F S.S M.S F value Prob Sig

Replications 2 12.9247 6.46233

Factor.A(Varieties) 1 0.0083 0.00833 0.05 0.3643 NS

Error 2 0.3087 0.15433

Factor.B(Treatment) 4 0.5247 0.13117 0.24 0.0896 NS

AB 4 1.2300 0.30750 0.55 0.0966 NS

Error 16 8.8933 0.55583

Tab B11: Result of gamma radiations on Days taken to germinate in okra varieties.

Varieties
Radiation Dose Krads Nutech Tarnab Mean
( T0) 00 8.33 a 8.3 a 8.31 A
(T1) 10 8.03 a 8.73 a 8.38 A
( T2) 15 8.2 a 8.1 a 8.15 A
(T3) 20 8.33 a 7.8 a 8.06 A
(T4) 25 8.5 a 8.3 a 8.4 A
Mean 8.27 8.24

8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2
Nutech
8
Tarnab
7.8
Mean
7.6
7.4
7.2
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
CONCLUSION:
This study may be concluded in the following outlines:
•The 10 Krad dose had the ability to induce mutation in Nutech hybrid
and became the source of change in the genetic makeup in the shape of a
better result in yield and yield components.
•A reduction was obtained in most parameters with the increasing doses
of gamma irradiation (15,20,25 krad) because of the injurious effect of
exceeding the dose of radiation supplemented by agro climatic and
environmental factors such as soil texture, soil chemistry, temperature,
humidity, light intensity and especially due to high altitude.
•Both hybrids were estimated as sensitive to the high doses of gamma
rays leading to a reduction in the mean values of the most of the
parameters.
•Hybrid Tarnab was evaluated as more sensitive than hybrid Nutech
against different doses of radiation in most of the parameters under
investigation.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises are for Almighty Allah (Jalla Jalalaho), the compassionate, the
merciful, the only creator of the universe, the source of knowledge and wisdom, who
blessed me with health, thoughts, talented teachers, cooperative friends and the
opportunity to cross another milestone of my academic carrier well in time.
I offer my humblest words of gratitude to the Holy Prophet of mercy, Hazrat
Muhammad (S.A.W) the perfect and dignified, who light the candle of Islam and
removed all darkness of our life. removed all darkness of our life.
I am at short for words to express my gratitude and appreciation to my extremely
co-operative, loving and profound supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Subhan for their
cooperation, kindness and fatherly attitude and guidance, timely suggestions and
encouragement throughout the entire period of my studies.
I also offer my gratitude to my Co. Advisor Mr. Khan Sher Department of Botany
SBBU Sheringal and Prof. Dr. Gul Hassan for providing research facilities, technical
guidance and data analysis.
I am also thankfull to all the facultly members of the department.

And Also thankful to the technical staff of VCR for providing the technical
faciliaties.
Qasir Ali
M. phil Botany