Z-Transform

Prepared by: Engr. Jedd Emille Chua, ECE, MS

Z-Transform

 Representation of the entire discrete-time signals in single-

equation form
 Result: complex-plane transformation
Z-Transform
Z-Transform

 Region of Convergence (ROC): a set of all values of Z

where X(Z) has a finite value
Z-Transform

 Simplest rule to get X(Z) from x(n):

 Step 1: Determine where n = 0 is
 Step 2: Anything right of n = 0 (i.e. n = 1,2,3,…) have
values of n > 0
 Step 3: Anything left of n = 0 (i.e. n = -1,-2,-3,…) have
values of n < 0
 Step 4: 𝑋 𝑍 = ⋯ + 𝑥 −2 𝑍 2 + 𝑥 −1 𝑍1 + 𝑥 0 𝑍 0 +
𝑥 1 𝑍 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑍 −2 + ⋯
Z-Transform

 Example 1: Find the Z-Transform of this finite duration

sequence:
Z-Transform

 Example 1: Find the Z-Transform of this finite duration

sequence:

 Solution:
 Step 1: at n = 0, 𝑥1 𝑛 = 1
 Step 2: at n = 1, 𝑥1 𝑛 = 2
 No Step 3
Z-Transform

 Example 1: Find the Z-Transform of this finite duration

sequence:

 Solution:
 Step 4: 𝑋 𝑍 = ⋯ + 𝑥 −2 𝑍 2 + 𝑥 −1 𝑍1 + 𝑥 0 𝑍 0 +
𝑥 1 𝑍 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑍 −2 + ⋯
 𝑋1 𝑍 = 𝑥 0 𝑍 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑍 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑍 −2 + ⋯
 𝑿𝟏 𝒁 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟓𝒁−𝟐 + 𝟕𝒁−𝟑 + 𝒁−𝟓
Z-Transform

 Example 2: Find the Z-Transform of this finite duration

sequence:
Z-Transform

 Example 2: Find the Z-Transform of this finite duration

sequence:

 Solution:
 Step 1: at n = 0, 𝑥2 𝑛 = 5
 Step 2: at n = 1, 𝑥2 𝑛 = 7
 Step 3: at n = -1, 𝑥2 𝑛 = 2
Z-Transform

 Example 2: Find the Z-Transform of this finite duration sequence:

 Solution:
 Step 4:
 𝑋 𝑍 = ⋯ + 𝑥 −2 𝑍 2 + 𝑥 −1 𝑍1 + 𝑥 0 𝑍 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑍 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑍 −2 + ⋯
 𝑋2 𝑍 = 𝑥 −2 𝑍 2 + 𝑥 −1 𝑍1 + 𝑥 0 𝑍 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑍 −1 + 𝑥(2)𝑍 −2 …
 𝑿𝟐 𝒁 = 𝒁𝟐 + 𝟐𝒁 + 𝟓 + 𝟕𝒁−𝟏 + 𝒁−𝟑
Z-Transform

 For any mathematical equation:

 Step 1: Determine the conditions of the discrete time equation
 Step 2: Use the general formula 𝑋 𝑍 = σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛

 Step 3: Simplify and use the special mathematic formulas for series
if needed
Z-Transform

 Special Mathematical formulas for series:

 Arithmetic Series:
𝑁
𝑁
෍ 𝐴𝑛 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴𝑁 )
2
𝑛=1
 Geometric Series:
𝑁−1
1 − 𝑟 𝑁
෍ 𝐴𝑟 𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 ≠ 1
1−𝑟
𝑛=0
Z-Transform

 Special Mathematical formulas for series:

 Infinite Geometric Series:
∞
𝐴𝑛
෍ 𝐴𝑟 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑟| < 1
1−𝑟
𝑛=0
Z-Transform

 Example 3: Determine the z-transform of the signal

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
Z-Transform

 Example 3: Determine the z-transform of the signal

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
1 𝑛
, 𝑛≥0
 𝑥 𝑛 =ቐ 2
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Z-Transform

 Example 3: Determine the z-transform of the signal

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
 Use the general formula:
∞

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
Z-Transform

 Example 3: Determine the z-transform of the signal

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
∞

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0
∞ 𝑛 ∞
1 1 −1 𝑛
𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ 𝑧 −𝑛 = ෍( 𝑧 )
2 2
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
Z-Transform

 Example 3: Determine the z-transform of the signal

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
Using the formula for infinite geometric series:
1 1 −1
𝑋 𝑍 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 <1
1 −1 2
1− 𝑧
2
Z-Transform

 Example 3: Determine the z-transform of the signal

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
ROC:
1 −1
𝑧 <1
2
1
𝑧 >
2
Z-Transform

 Example 3: Determine the z-transform of the signal

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
Final Answer:
𝟏 𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 = , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒛 >
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝟏− 𝒛
𝟐
Z-Transform

 Example 4: Determine the z-transform of the signal

−𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛≤0
𝑥 𝑛 ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Z-Transform

 Example 4: Determine the z-transform of the signal

−𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛≤0
𝑥 𝑛 ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 Use the general formula:
∞

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
Z-Transform

 Example 4: Determine the z-transform of the signal

−𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛≤0
𝑥 𝑛 ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
0

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ −𝑎𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
∞

𝑋 𝑍 = − ෍ 𝑎−𝑛 𝑧 𝑛
𝑛=0
Z-Transform

 Example 4: Determine the z-transform of the signal

−𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛≤0
𝑥 𝑛 ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
∞

𝑋 𝑍 = − ෍ 𝑎−1 𝑧 𝑛

𝑛=0
Using the infinite geometric series:
1 1
𝑋 𝑍 =− −1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 < 1
1−𝑎 𝑧 𝑎
Z-Transform

 Example 4: Determine the z-transform of the signal

−𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛≤0
𝑥 𝑛 ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 ROC:
1
𝑧 <1
𝑎
𝑧 <𝑎
Z-Transform

 Example 4: Determine the z-transform of the signal

−𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛≤0
𝑥 𝑛 ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 Final answer:
𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 =− −𝟏
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒛 < 𝒂
𝟏−𝒂 𝒛
Z-Transform

 Example 5: Determine the z-transform of the signal

2𝑛 , −30 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑥 𝑛 =ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Z-Transform

 Example 5: Determine the z-transform of the signal

2𝑛 , −30 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑥 𝑛 =ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 By using the general formula:
30

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ 2𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−30
30

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ (2𝑧 −1 )𝑛
Z-Transform

 Example 5: Determine the z-transform of the signal

2𝑛 , −30 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑥 𝑛 =ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
30 0

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ (2𝑧 −1 )𝑛 + ෍ (2𝑧 −1 )𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=−30
30 30

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ (2𝑧 −1 )𝑛 + ෍ (2−1 𝑧)𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=0
Z-Transform

 Example 5: Determine the z-transform of the signal

2𝑛 , −30 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑥 𝑛 =ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
30 30

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ (2𝑧 −1 )𝑛 + ෍ (2−1 𝑧)𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=0
Using the finite geometric series:
1 − (2𝑧 −1 )31 1 − (2−1 𝑧)31 −1 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2−1 𝑧 ≠ 1
𝑋 𝑍 = + , 𝑎𝑡 2𝑧
1 − 2𝑧 −1 1 − 2−1 𝑧
Z-Transform

 Example 5: Determine the z-transform of the signal

2𝑛 , −30 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑥 𝑛 =ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
ROC:
2𝑧 −1 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2−1 𝑧 ≠ 1
𝑧 ≠2
Z-Transform

 Example 5: Determine the z-transform of the signal

2𝑛 , −30 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑥 𝑛 =ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
Final answer:
1 − (2𝑧 −1 )31 1 − (2−1 𝑧)31
𝑋 𝑍 = −1
+ −1
, 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 ≠ 2
1 − 2𝑧 1−2 𝑧
𝟏 − 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝒛−𝟑𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟐−𝟑𝟏 𝒛𝟑𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 = −𝟏
+ −𝟏
, 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 ≠ 𝟐
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒛 𝟏−𝟐 𝒛
Properties of Z-Transform

 Linearity:
Properties of Z-Transform

 Time shifting:
Properties of Z-Transform

 Scaling in the z-Domain:

Properties of Z-Transform

 Time Reversal
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 1: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑋1 𝑍 + 𝑋2 (𝑍)

Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 1: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑋1 𝑍 + 𝑋2 (𝑍)

 Solution:
 Determine the Z-transforms of 𝑋1 and 𝑋2
 𝑋1 𝑍 = 1 + 2𝑍 −1 + 5𝑍 −2 + 7𝑍 −3 + 𝑍 −5
 𝑋2 𝑍 = 𝑍 2 + 2𝑍 + 5 + 7𝑍 −1 + 𝑍 −3
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 1: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑋1 𝑍 + 𝑋2 (𝑍)

 Solution:
 𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑋1 𝑍 + 𝑋2 (𝑍)
 1 + 2𝑍 −1 + 5𝑍 −2 + 7𝑍 −3 + 𝑍 −5 + 𝑍 2 + 2𝑍 + 5 + 7𝑍 −1 + 𝑍 −3
 𝑿 𝒁 = 𝒁𝟐 + 𝟐𝒁 + 𝟔 + 𝟗𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟓𝒁−𝟐 + 𝟖𝒁−𝟑 + 𝒁−𝟓
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 2: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛 − 2

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 2: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛 − 2

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
1 1
𝑋 𝑍 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 >
1 −1 2
1− 𝑧
2
 Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 :
−𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 =𝒛 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒛 >
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝟏− 𝒛
𝟐
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 3: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
4
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 3: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
4
 Solution:
You can do this as we did the steps previously, but since we got the
answer:
1 1
𝑋 𝑍 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 >
1 −1 2
1− 𝑧
2
We can utilize the properties.
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 3: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
4
 Solution:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛
4 2 2
Properties of Z-Transform
 Example 3: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
4
 Solution:
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1 1 −1 −1
1 − (( ) 𝑧)
2 2
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1
1 − (2𝑧)−1
2
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1 −1 −1
1 − (2 )𝑧
2
Properties of Z-Transform
 Example 3: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
4
 Solution:
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1 −1 −1
1 − (2 )𝑧
2
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1 1 −1
1 − ( )𝑧
2 2
𝟏 𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 = , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒛 >
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟒
𝟏− 𝒛
𝟒
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 4: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 −𝑛

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
Properties of Z-Transform

 Example 4: Find the Z-Transform of 𝑥 −𝑛

𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
1 1
𝑋 𝑍 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 >
1 −1 2
1− 𝑧
2
Z-Transform of 𝑥 −𝑛 :
𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 = , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒛 > 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏− 𝒛
𝟐
Properties of Z-Transform

 ILM: In a sheet of bond

paper, use this as your cheat
sheet for your finals.
 Only this table must be
present and checked for your
use
 Deadline: Jan. 9, 2018
Poles and Zeroes

 Zeroes are the values of z that makes X(z) = 0

 Poles are the values of z that makes X(z) = ∞
 To get Zeroes, set the numerator function of X(Z) = 0, all solutions
of Z’s are the Zeroes
 To get Poles, set the denominator function of X(Z) = 0, all solutions
of Z’s are the Poles
Poles and Zeroes

1 𝑛
 Example 1: Get the poles and zeroes of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
Poles and Zeroes

1 𝑛
 Example 1: Get the poles and zeroes of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
 Get X(Z):
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1 −1
1− 𝑧
2
Poles and Zeroes

1 𝑛
 Example 1: Get the poles and zeroes of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
 Simplify:
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1
1−
2𝑧
1
𝑋 𝑍 =
2𝑧 − 1
2𝑧
Poles and Zeroes

1 𝑛
 Example 1: Get the poles and zeroes of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
2
 Solution:
 Simplify:
2𝑧
𝑋 𝑍 =
2𝑧 − 1
To get zeroes: set numerator = 0: 2𝑧 = 0, 𝒛 = 𝟎
𝟏
To get poles: set denominator = 0: 2𝑧 − 1 = 0, 𝒛 =
𝟐
Poles and Zeroes

2𝑛 , −3 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 3
 Example 2: Get the poles and zeroes of𝑥 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Poles and Zeroes

2𝑛 , 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 3
 Example 2: Get the poles and zeroes of𝑥 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 Get X(Z):
1 − 24 𝑧 −4
𝑋 𝑍 =
1 − 2𝑧 −1
Poles and Zeroes

2𝑛 , 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 3
 Example 2: Get the poles and zeroes of𝑥 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 Simplify:
16
1− 4
𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑧
2
1−
𝑧
𝑧 4 − 16
𝑧 4
𝑋 𝑍 =
𝑧−2
𝑧
Poles and Zeroes

2𝑛 , 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 3
 Example 2: Get the poles and zeroes of𝑥 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 Simplify:

𝑧 4 − 16 𝑧
𝑋 𝑍 = 4
( )
𝑧 𝑧−2
𝑧 4 − 16
𝑋 𝑍 = 3
𝑧 (𝑧 − 2)
Poles and Zeroes

2𝑛 , 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 3
 Example 2: Get the poles and zeroes of𝑥 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Solution:
 Simplify:
𝑧 4 − 16
𝑋 𝑍 = 3
𝑧 (𝑧 − 2)
Zeroes: 𝑧 4 − 16 = 0, 𝑧 4 = 16, 𝒛 = ±𝟐
Poles: 𝑧 3 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 𝑧 3 = 0, 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟐