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6 Ee462l DC DC Buck
6 Ee462l DC DC Buck
1
!
Objective – to efficiently reduce DC voltage
The DC equivalent of an AC transformer
Iin Iout
+ +
DC−DC Buck
Vin Converter Vout
− −
Lossless objective: Pin = Pout, which means that VinIin = VoutIout and
Vout I in
Vin I out
2
Here is an example of an inefficient DC−DC
converter
R1 The load
+ +
Vin R2 Vout
− −
R2
Vout Vin
R1 R2
R2 Vout
R1 R2 Vin
Closed, 39Vdc T
Open, 0Vdc
4
Taken from “Course Overview” PPT
L
Try adding an L to prevent the huge
current spike. But now, if the L has
+
current when the switch attempts to
39Vdc C Rstereo open, the inductor’s current momentum
– and resulting Ldi/dt burns out the switch.
lossless
L
By adding a “free wheeling” diode, the
+ switch can open and the inductor current
39Vdc C Rstereo can continue to flow. With high-
– frequency switching, the load voltage
ripple can be reduced to a small value.
A DC-DC Buck Converter
5
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
1 o T
t
C
v ( to T ) v ( to ), or v ( to T ) v ( to ) 0 i ( t )dt
to
to T
The conclusion is that i (t )dt 0 which means that
to
Now, an inductor
!
Examine the voltage across an inductor that is operating in
periodic steady state. The governing equation is
1 o t
t
di ( t )
v(t ) L
dt
which leads to i ( t ) i ( to )
L v ( t )dt
to
1 o T
t
L
i ( to T ) i ( to ), or i ( to T ) i ( to ) 0 v ( t )dt
to
to T
The conclusion is that v(t )dt 0 which means that
to
v(t ) 0, v1 ( t ) v2 ( t ) v3 ( t ) v N ( t ) 0
Around loop
1 o T 1 o T 1 o T 1 o T 1 o T
t t t t t
T T T T T
v1 ( t )dt v2 ( t )dt v3 ( t )dt v N ( t )dt (0)dt 0
to to to to to
i(t ) 0, i1 ( t ) i2 ( t ) i3 ( t ) i N ( t ) 0
Out of node
9
Buck converter
!
• Assume large C so that
+ vL – Vout has very low ripple
iL Iout
iin
+ • Since Vout has very low
L ripple, then assume Iout
Vin C Vout
iC has very low ripple
–
L +
Vin C Vout
0A
–
10
The input/output equation for DC-DC converters
usually comes by examining inductor voltages
+ (Vin – Vout) –
iin iL Iout
L +
Switch closed for Vin V
C (iL – Iout) out
DT seconds –
diL
vL Vin Vout , diL diL Vin Vout
vL L , Vin Vout L ,
dt dt dt L
for DT seconds
– Vout +
iL Iout
L +
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout)
–
diL
vL Vout , diL diL Vout
vL L , Vout L ,
dt dt dt L
for (1−D)T seconds
12
!
Since the average voltage across L is zero
diL Vout
Switch open, vL Vout ,
dt L
DT (1 − D)T
T
14
Effect of raising and lowering Iout while
holding Vin, Vout, f, and L constant
iL
ΔI
Raise Iout
ΔI
Lower Iout
ΔI
• ΔI is unchanged
• Lowering Iout (and, therefore, Pout ) moves the circuit
toward discontinuous operation
15
Effect of raising and lowering f while
holding Vin, Vout, Iout, and L constant
iL
Lower f
Raise f
16
Effect of raising and lowering L while
holding Vin, Vout, Iout and f constant
iL
Lower L
Raise L
17
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
T 2 2T2
1 V V V 3T
Vrms t dt
2
2
t dt t
T T T 3
3T 3 0
0 0
V
Vrms
3
18
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
V V 0
0 0 -V
V V V
0 0 0
V
V
Vrms
0 3
19
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
i (t )
the ripple
Imax Imin
i (t )
Imax 0
I avg
= +
Imin
the minimum value
Imin
I avg
Imax Imin
2 0
20
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
2
I rms
I max I min 2
2I
I max I min I 2
min min
3 2
2
2 I PP 2
I rms I min I PP I min
3
21
Taken from “Waveforms and Definitions” PPT
2 2
2 I PP I PP I PP
I rms I avg I PP I avg
3 2 2
2 2 2
2 I PP I PP 2 I PP
I rms I avg I PP I avg I avg I PP
3 2 4
2 2 I avg
I max I min
2 I PP I PP 2 i (t )
I rms I avg 2
3 4
I avg I PP I max I min
2
2 2 I PP
I rms I avg
12
22
Inductor current rating
2
I Lrms 2
I avg
1 2
12
2
I pp I out
1
12
I 2
2
I Lrms 2
I out
1
2I out 2 4 I out
2
12 3
Use max
2
I Lrms I out
3
23
Capacitor current and current rating
iL Iout
L
C (iL – Iout)
2
I Crms 2
I avg
1
2 I out 2 02 1 I out
2 I
I Crms out
12 3 3
24
MOSFET and diode currents and current ratings
iL Iout
iin
L
C (iL – Iout)
2Iout
Iout
0
2Iout
Iout
0
Use max
2
Take worst case D for each I rms I out
3
25
!
Worst-case load ripple voltage
iC = (iL – Iout)
Iout C charging
0
T/2
−Iout
During the charging period, the C voltage moves from the min to the max.
The area of the triangle shown above gives the peak-to-peak ripple voltage.
1 T
Q 2 2 I out T I out I out
V
C C 4C 4Cf
Switch Open L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–
L +
Vin C Vout
DIODE Iout –
28
Inductor voltage showing oscillation during
discontinuous current operation
vL = (Vin – Vout)
Switch
closed
vL = –Vout
Switch open
0
(1 − D)T
Vout 1 D
1 D T
Vout
2 I out
Lonset Lonset f
Vout 1 D
Lonset
2 I out f
+ +
DC−DC Buck V
Source Vin Vout = DVin Rload out
Converter I out
− −
Iin
+
Equivalent from Requiv
Vin
source perspective
−
6
Pmax is approx. 130W
Isc
5 (occurs at 29V, 4.5A)
4
For max power from
I - amps
32
Connect a 2Ω resistor directly, extract only 55W !
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002
6
55W
130W
5
4
I - amps
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts
+ vL –
iL Iout
ipanel
L +
Vpanel C Vout
iC
–
34
BUCK DESIGN
Our L. 100µH, 9A
Our C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
35
BUCK DESIGN
1500µF 50kHz
Our L. 100µH, 9A
Our C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
36
BUCK DESIGN
2A 50kHz
Our L. 100µH, 9A
Our C. 1500µF, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
37