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Solutions to Homework 1
Problem 1 (30 points)
+ + + +
+
(a)
+
5A +
D = 0.4
f =100kHz 10W
100m F Vo
_
Steady state operation is possible, since average current through the capacitor can be zero (due to
resistor across the capacitor) and the current source is never open circuited (note that it is
allowed to short circuit a current source by the switch).
Vin1 + +
Vo
Vin 2 vA
_
-
When switch is ON, vA =Vin1 and when switch is OFF, vA = Vin 2 . Note that this is true only when
Vin1 >Vin 2
.
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\ Vo = vA = DVin1 + (1 - D)Vin 2 or Vin 2 + D (Vin1 - Vin 2 )
(c)
iin
+
5
D 0.4 Valid
10
Vo
24V network
iin
6 A
4 A
0
4 10 14 t s
Steady state operation is possible, since average current through the capacitor can be zero (due to
resistor across the capacitor) and the voltage source is never short circuited. It is assumed that
there is no power loss in the ‘valid network’ part.
iin 5 0.4 2 A
Since Vin is a constant,
pin Vin iin 24 2 48W
po pin 48W
Vo po R 21.91V
(d)
10 F
24V 10 F
+
D 0.4
5 Vo
The above circuit does not result in steady-state, since the upper capacitor has a diode in series
and hence can have only uni-directional current. Average current through this capacitor is non-
zero, and hence, current-sec balance for a capacitor is violated.
(e)
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A switch is directly in parallel with the output capacitor and hence the circuit is invalid. It will
result in large currents through the switch discharging the output capacitor and the output voltage
will also be zero.
(f)
This is a valid circuit since the output capacitor is no longer short circuited by the switch (compared
to part (e)). Inductor voltage can be positive and negative, and the capacitor current can be positive
and negative satisfying volt-sec balance and current-sec balance respectively.
The waveforms in the time frame of 0 to 1 ms is shown below. This corresponds to a transient
condition. The average capacitor current is non-zero and this leads to the charging of the capacitor
from zero to its steady state value of 30 V. The diode current switches between the current source
magnitude (when main switch is off) and zero (when main switch is on) as expected and its CCA
value is always 5x(1-D) = 3A. The output capacitor charges at the time constant of RC = 1 ms.
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The waveforms corresponding to the time frame 9.98 ms to 10 ms is shown below. The circuit is
now in steady state with CCA value of capacitor current at 0 A and output at 30 V as expected.
The instantaneous value of capacitor current switches between load current of 3A (discharging)
and iD-iR = 2A (charging). This pulsating current results in small voltage ripple in the capacitor.
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The PLECS schematic used is shown below.
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Problem 3 (30 points)
A buck converter has the following parameters: L = 100 H, C = 470 F, ESR = 10 m.
Corresponding to an operating condition of Vin = 100 V, Vo = 40 V, load resistance of 5 and
switching frequency of 200 kHz
(a) Draw the schematic of the converter with the given parameters and operating conditions
(b) Draw the waveforms of switch voltage and current over one switching period
(c) Draw the waveforms of inductor voltage and current over one switching period
(d) Draw the waveforms of output capacitor voltage (assume voltage ripple is only due to ESR)
and current over one switching period.
In each of the waveforms above give all possible details including CCA values.
Vo 40
Duty ratio, D 0.4
Vin 100
1
Ts 5 s; DTs 2 s
200, 000
Vo
iL I o 8A
R
Vo 1 D Ts 40 (1 0.4) 5
I L 1.2 A
L 100
Vc ESR I L 10 103 1.2 12 mV (since only the ripple due to ESR is considered)
All the waveforms corresponding to given operating conditions are shown in the figure in next
page.
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