Input/Output Technology

Chapter 7

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 Objectives
• Describe common concepts of text and image
representation and display including digital
representation of grayscale and color, bitmaps,
and image compression techniques
• Describe the characteristics and implementation
technology of video display devices
• List and describe the three predominant manual
input technologies

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 Objectives
• Understand printer characteristics and
technology
• Describe various types of optical input devices
including mark sensors, bar code readers,
scanners, and digital cameras
• Identify the characteristics of audio I/O devices,
and explain how they operate

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Chapter Topics

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 Basic Concepts of Print and
Display
Matrix-Oriented Image Composition:
• Pixel – one part of an image. The number
of pixels depends on the size of the
display surface and the pixel size
• Resolution – the number of pixels
displayed per linear measurement unit
• Dots Per Inch - measurement for
resolution
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Basic Concepts of Print and
Display

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Basic Concepts of Print and
Display

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Basic Concepts of Print and
Display
A font is a collection of characters of similar style and
appearance. Fonts are measured in point size.

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Basic Concepts of Print and
Display

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 Basic Concepts of Print and
Display
Color
• The video display industry has used red,
green and blue as primary colors (RGB).
• The printing industry generates color using
subtractive color, the inverse of the
primary video display colors (CMYK).

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Basic Concepts of Print and
Display

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 Basic Concepts of Print and
Display
Monochrome:
• Displays one of two colors
• A grayscale displays black, white and
shades of gray

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 Basic Concepts of Print and
Display
Image Storage Requirements
• Image storage requirements apply to
images stored in primary and secondary
storage, and to buffers used in I/O
devices.
• Image storage requirements can be
reduced with image compression
techniques.
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 Basic Concepts of Print and
Display

Vector – a line segment that has a

specific angle and length with respect to a
point of origin

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Basic Concepts of Print and
Display

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Basic Concepts of Print and
Display
Technology Focus

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 Video Display
Character-Oriented Video Display
Terminals:
• Commonly used during 1970s and 1980s.
• Terminal – consist of an integrated
keyboard and television screen.
• Used today primarily in systems such as
retail checkout counters and factory floor
environments.
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Video Display

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 Video Display

Thin Client – a hybrid device with a mix of

VDT and microcomputer characteristics.
They execute applications within an
operating environment such as Java, a
Web browser, or Windows Terminal
Services

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Video Display

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 Video Display

Video Controller – accepts the

commands and data transmitted via a bus
from the CPU and generates a TV-style
analog video signal which is transmitted to
the monitor

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Video Display

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 Video Display
Monitor Types:
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• Plasma Displays

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Video Display

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 Printers
Printer Types:
• Impact
• Laser
• Inkjet

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 Printers
Impact:
• Generate images through mechanical
contact with ink and papers
• Character codes received by the print
generator are transmitted as a series of
control commands to the print head
• Characters are generated one or two
vertical rows at a time
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 Printers
Ink-Jet:
• Uses a paper movement mechanism
similar to that of a dot matrix printer
• The print head of an ink-jet printer consists
of an ink cartridge, a set of ink chambers
and a set of ink nozzles
• Each ink nozzle can print a single pixel
and nozzles are arranged in short vertical
rows similar to those of a dot matrix printer
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 Printers

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 Printers
Laser:
• Operates differently from other types of
printers
• No print head or ink ribbon is used
• An internal image of the entire page is
stored in an internal buffer as a bit map.
• Once filled, the buffer contents are sent to
the print driver for generation

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 Printers

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 Printers
Plotter:
• A printer that generates line drawings on
wide sheets or rolls of paper.
• Paper is mounted within a paper control
mechanism that can move the paper up or
down precisely.
• Can handle paper widths up to 60 inches.

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 Manual Input Devices
Input Devices:
• Keyboards
• Pointing Devices

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 Manual Input Devices
Keyboard Input:
• Keyboard devices translate keystrokes
directly into electrical signals.
• A keyboard controller is used to generate
bit stream outputs.
• The controller generates a bit stream
output according to an internal program or
lookup table.
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 Manual Input Devices
Pointing Devices:
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Joystick
• Digitizer Tablet

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 Manual Input Devices
Pointing Devices:
Translates the spatial position of a pointer,
stylus, or other selection device into
numeric values within a system of two-
dimensional coordinates

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 Manual Input Devices
Pointing Devices:
• Mouse – a pointing device that is moved
on a flat surface such as a table, desk or
rubber pad.
• Trackball – a mouse with the roller ball on
the top. The roller ball is moved by the
fingertips, thumb or palm of the hand.

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 Manual Input Devices
Pointing Devices:
• Joystick – used as an input device with
computer games.
• Digitizer Tablet – uses a pen, or stylus,
and a digitizing tablet. The tablet is
sensitive to the placement of the stylus at
any point on its surface.

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Manual Input Devices

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Manual Input Devices

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 Optical Input Devices
Mark Sensors and Bar Code Scanners:
• Mark Sensors – scans for light or dark
marks at specific locations on a page
• The mark sensors uses preprinted bars on
the edge of the page to establish
reference points

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Optical Input Devices

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Optical Input Devices

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 Optical Input Devices
Optical character recognition (OCR):
• Combine optical scanning technology with
hardware or software interpretation of bit
map content
• The bit mapped representation is
searched for patterns corresponding to
printed characters

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Optical Input Devices

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 Audio I/O Devices
Sound generation and recognition can
be used in a number of ways
– General-purpose sound output, such as
warnings, status indicators, and music
– General-purpose sound input, such as digital
recording
– Voice command input

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 Audio I/O Devices
Speech recognition:
• The process of recognizing and
appropriately responding to the meaning
embedded within human speech.
• Human speech consists of individual
sounds called phonemes.

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Audio I/O Devices

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 Audio I/O Devices
Speech Generation:
• A device that generates spoken messages
based on textual input is called audio
response unit
• Simple audio response units digitally store
and play back words or word sequences

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 Summary
• Manual input devices include keyboards, mice
and other pointing devices
• A stored set of numeric pixel descriptions is
called a bit map
• Video display terminals consist of an integrated
keyboard and television screen
• Commonly used paper output devices include
dot matrix printer, ink-jet printer, laser printers,
and plotters

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 Summary
• Optical input devices include optical scanners,
mark sensors, bar code readers, and optical
character recognition devices
• General-purpose speech recognition systems
can be used for command and control, or for the
input of large amounts of textual material
• Sound cards include converters, amplifiers,
microphone, speaker and headphone
connectors

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