Introduction

to Computer
Hardware
• 5 Generation of Computer
• Fundamental Parts of a
Computer
• Input Devises
• Output devises
• Storage Devises
• Mainstream Classes of
Computer
• Trends of Computer
 ENIAC
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):
• Vacuum tubes were used as the primary
electronic component.
• Very large and unreliable, with limited
computational capabilities.
• Examples: ENIAC and UNIVAC.
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• As a product of World War II, ENIAC was designed and
built for the United States Army to calculate artillery
firing tables UNIVAC
• Universal Automatic Computer
• The UNIVAC I was designed as a commercial data-
processing computer, intended to replace the
punched-card accounting machines of the day.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making
computers smaller and more reliable.
• Assembly language and punch cards were used
for programming.
• Examples: IBM 1401 and IBM 7090.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
• Integrated circuits (ICs) were introduced,
leading to significant miniaturization and
improved performance.
• High-level programming languages like COBOL
and FORTRAN became popular.
• Examples: IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-11.
4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):
• Microprocessors allowed for the creation of
personal computers.
• Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and Operating
Systems were developed.
• Examples: Apple II, IBM PC, and Commodore
64.
5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):
• Characterized by the use of parallel processing,
artificial intelligence, and advanced programming
languages.
• Focus on natural language processing, expert
systems, and machine learning.
• Examples: Modern PCs, Smartphones, and
Supercomputers like IBM Watson.
 What is a
Computer?
The word "computer" has an interesting etymology. It
originates from the Latin word "computare," which
means "to calculate" or "to reckon."

The term "computer" refers to an electronic device that

can process and manipulate data using a predefined
set of instructions or programs.

Computers have the ability to perform various tasks,

including calculations, data storage, communication,
and running software applications.
 What is a
Computer?
• Computers are used in various fields like medical
sectors, educational areas, research, etc.

• Computers can perform a powerful function and hence

have reduced our efforts and made our life easy.

• A computer is also used for playing games, listening to

music, accessing the internet, watching movies.

• A computer is used for various purposes. It is used for

making Software, documents, invoices, lists, etc.

• A computer takes in information as input, processes the

data, and gives new information as the output.
 Computers are versatile tools that
serve various purposes, including:

1. Data Processing 10.Design and

2. Communication Creativity
3. Information 11.Navigation
Storage 12.Security
4. Automation 13.Weather
5. Entertainment Forecasting
6. Education 14.Astronomy
7. Business and 15.Transportation
Finance
8. Scientific Research
9. Healthcare
 Input Devises
• Computer input devices are hardware components that allow users
to input data, commands, and instructions into a computer system.

• These devices serve as a bridge between the user and the

computer, enabling communication and interaction.

Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a
computer
1. Keyboard 8. Bar Code Reader(OCR)
2. Mouse Reader 11.Optical Mark
3. Joy Stick 9. Magnetic Ink Reader
4. Track Ball Card (OMR)
5. Scanner Reader(MICR
6. Graphic )
Tablet 10.Optical
7. Microphone Character
Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device

which helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard
is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional
keys provided for performing additional functions.

Typing Keys Function Keys

Numeric Keys

Special Purpose Keys Control Keys

These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and
digit keys (09) which generally give the same
layout as that of typewriters.

Typing Keys
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor
movement. Generally, it consists of a set of
17 keys that are laid out in the same
configuration used by most adding
machines and calculators.
Numeric Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the
keyboard which are arranged in a row at the
top of the keyboard. Each function key has a
unique meaning and is used for some
specific purpose.
Function Keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control.
It includes four directional arrow keys. Control
keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete,
Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Control Keys
Keyboard also contains some special
purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps
Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print
Screen.

Special Purpose Keys

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very
famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box
with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of
the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU
when the mouse buttons are pressed.

it has two buttons called the left and the right button and
a wheel is present between the buttons.

Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move
the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick
having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends.
The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick
can be moved in all four directions.
The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly
used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a
displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It
consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube.

Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop
computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and
by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a
photocopy machine. It is used when some information is
available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard
disk of the computer for further manipulation.
Scanner captures images from the source which are
then converted into a digital form that can be stored
on the disk. These images can be edited before they
are printed.

Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts
analog information into digital form.
Digitizer can convert a signal from the
television or camera into a series of
numbers that could be stored in a
computer. They can be used by the
computer to create a picture of whatever
the camera had been pointed at.
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then
stored in a digital form.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

MICR input device is generally used in banks as
there are large number of cheques to be processed
every day. The bank's code number and cheque
number are printed on the cheques with a special type
of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that
are machine readable.

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

OCR scans the text optically, character by
character, converts them into a machine
readable code, and stores the text on the
system memory.
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar
coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines).
Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods,
numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld
scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image,

converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is
then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is
connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to
recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil.
It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be
selected and marked.
It is specially used for checking the answer sheets
of examinations having multiple choice
questions.
Output devises
• Computer output devices are hardware components that allow a
computer to communicate information and data to the outside
world or to the user.
• These devices take electronic data generated by the computer's central
processing unit (CPU) and convert it into human-readable or machine-
readable forms.
Monitor
• A monitor is most common type of output
device.

• It is also called as "Visual Display Unit".

• The inputs given by keyboard or any other

input devices will get displayed on
monitor.
There are three types of computer displays:
1. CRT monitor (Cathode Ray Tube)
2. LCD monitor (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. Video Projectors
Printers
Printers are most common type of output
devices which are used to take a hard copy of
any digital document.

The two types of printers are impact and non-

impact printers.

Non-impact printers such as laser and inkjet

printers are less noisy, more reliable and faster
and also offer high quality compared to impact
printers.

Sound Systems
Sound systems are output
devices which are used to get
multimedia content such as
voice, music, etc.
Storage Devises
CD-ROM

This is short for compact disk - read only memory. A CD is a shiny

metal disk of silver color. It is already pre recorded and the data
on it cannot be altered. It usually has a storage capacity of 700
MB.

Flash Drive

This is also known as a pen drive. It helps

in easy transportation of data from one
system to another. A pen drive is quite
compact and comes with various features
and designs.
Storage Devises
Memory Card

This has similar functionality to a

flash drive but is in a card shape. It
can easily plug into a port and
removed after its work is done. A
memory card is available in various
sizes such as 8MB, 16MB, 64MB,
128MB, 256MB etc.
Floppy Disk

They are flexible plastic discs which can bend,

coated with magnetic oxide and are covered with
a plastic cover to provide protection. Floppy disks
are also known as floppies and diskettes.
Storage Devises

Hard Disk

Hard disks are the most famously

used secondary storage devices. They
are round, flat pieces of metal
covered with magnetic oxide. They are
available in many sizes ranging from 1
to 14 inch diameter.
Storage Devises
ROM

ROM is read only memory. This memory cannot

be changed, it can only be read as required.
Since ROM is unchangeable memory, it is used
by data and programs that are frequently
required and seldom changed, like the system
boot program.
RAM

RAM is random access memory. It is volatile i.e. the

data in RAM is lost when the power is switched off.
RAM is the major form of primary memory as it is quite
fast. However, it is also quite expensive.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following
features

• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

• CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
• It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

CPU itself has following three components.

• Memory or Storage Unit

• Control Unit
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
A motherboard,
often referred to
simply as a "mobo"
or "mainboard," is a
critical component
of a computer. It is a
large circuit board
that serves as the
central hub for
connecting various
hardware
components,
enabling them to
communicate and
work together.
Mainstream Classes of Computer

PC (Personal Computer)
Workstation
Main Frame
Mini Computer

Supercomputer
Mainstream Classes of Computer

PC (Personal Computer)
A Personal Computer (PC) is a type of
computer designed for individual use,
typically by a single user at a time. PCs
have been a staple in homes, offices,
and educational institutions for several
decades and come in various forms and
configurations.
Mainstream Classes of Computer

Workstation
A workstation computer, often referred to simply as
a "workstation," is a high-performance computing
system designed for specialized tasks that demand
significant computational power, advanced graphics
capabilities, and reliability.

Workstations are typically used in professional

and technical environments where tasks like 3D
rendering, scientific simulations, content
creation, and engineering design require
exceptional computing performance and
accuracy.
Mainstream Classes of Computer

Main Frame
Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users
simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently
and supports many simultaneous execution of programs.

• Financial Institutions
• Insurance Companies
• Airlines
• Government Agencies
• Telecommunications
Mainstream Classes of Computer

Mini Computer
A mini computer, often referred to as a
"minicomputer," is a mid-sized computing
device that falls between the capabilities of
mainframes and smaller microcomputers like
desktops and laptops.

Mini computers are known for their

moderate processing power, memory
capacity, and I/O capabilities.
Mainstream Classes of Computer
Supercomputer
A supercomputer is an extremely
powerful and high-performance
computing system designed to
tackle complex and
computationally intensive tasks
that require immense processing
power and speed.
Trends of Computer

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning are two closely
related fields of computer science that focus on creating intelligent
systems capable of learning, reasoning, and making decisions.

AI is a broad field of computer science that aims to create

machines and systems capable of simulating human
intelligence and performing tasks that typically require
human intelligence.

Machine Learning is a subset of AI that focuses on the

development of algorithms and models that enable
computers to learn from data and make predictions or
decisions without being explicitly programmed.
Trends of Computer

Big data analytics

Big data analytics is the process of examining and extracting

valuable insights from large and complex datasets that are
too vast and varied to be effectively managed and analyzed
using traditional data processing tools.

This field of data analysis involves advanced techniques and

technologies to uncover patterns, trends, correlations, and
other valuable information that can inform decision-
making, improve processes, and drive business strategies.
Trends of Computer
Computer-assisted education
Computer-assisted education, also known as
computer-assisted learning (CAL) or computer-aided
instruction (CAI), refers to the use of computers and
technology to enhance or facilitate the educational
process.

This approach integrates digital resources, software,

and hardware into traditional teaching methods to
improve learning outcomes.
Trends of Computer
Cyber security

Cybersecurity, often abbreviated as "cybersec," is the

practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and
digital data from various forms of cyber threats, attacks,
and unauthorized access. It encompasses a wide range of
strategies, technologies, and best practices aimed at
safeguarding information technology (IT) assets and
ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
data.
 End
Discussion

Assessment
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