OTRA

Under Dr. Shweta Gautam

Kautilya Kumar| Jaspreet Singh| Jatin Phogat| Manish Meena
 Objectives

 Research about OTRA and its functioning.

 Implementation of OTRA.
 Realization of OTRA using CMOS (PSpice).
 Realization of OTRA using power efficient FGMOS (PSpice).
 Create a model of the realized OTRA.
 Use this OTRA model to realize various circuits.
What is OTRA?
 OTRA (Operational Transresistance Amplifier) is a three-terminal device.
 It has two input terminals and one output terminal.
 Port relations are characterized by the following matrix:

 where Rm is the transresistance gain of OTRA. For ideal operations Rm approaches infinity
and forces the input currents to be equal.
 OTRA must be used in a negative feedback configuration.
 CMOS Realization

The circuit operation is based on the assumptions that all the

transistors (M1- M14) operate in saturation region and the
transistor groups (M1-M3), (M5 and M6), (M8-M11) and (M12
and M13) are perfectly matched. Transistors M8-M11 form
current mirrors wherein the transistor M8 sets the reference
current Ib which is repeated by M9-M11 thus forcing equal
currents in the transistors M1, M2 and M3. This provides the gate
to source voltages of M1, M2 and M3 and, consequently,
forces the two input terminals to be virtually grounded.
The current mirrors formed by the transistor pairs M10-M11 and
M12- M13 provide the current differencing operation, thus
developing gate to source voltage for M14 which is connected
as common source amplifier and provides the high gain.
Expected Output
OTRA Simulation using PSpice
DC Analysis
AC Analysis
Frequency Response
What is FGMOS?
 The floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) is a field-effect transistor, whose structure is similar to a
conventional MOSFET.
 The gate of the FGMOS is electrically isolated, creating a floating node in DC, and a
number of secondary gates or inputs are deposited above the floating gate (FG) and are
electrically isolated from it.
 These inputs are only capacitively connected to the FG, since the FG is completely
surrounded by highly resistive material. So, in terms of its DC operating point, the FG is a
floating node.
 FGMOS concept has gained prime importance due to its ability to reduce or remove the
threshold voltage requirement of the circuit. Scaling of transistor dimensions has motivated
the designers towards the design of low voltage nonlinear CMOS circuits.
 Future Work

 Create a model of OTRA (FGMOS) circuit.

 Use that model to realize various circuits.
 Compare transresistance gain of OTRA (FGMOS) circuits and CMOS) circuits.
THANK YOU