MIGRATION

• PRIMARY MIGRATION (EXPULSION)

• SECONDARY MIGRATION
MIGRATION
 Primary Migration

Expulsion from the Source Rock

 Expulsion from the Source Rock

1. At present no general methods for

establishing the percent of generated
bitument that migrated out of a source
rocks

2. Oil to source rocks correlation provide

direct indicator of migration
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
OIL TO OIL CORRELATION OIL FAMILY

POOL POOL OIL FAMILY -1

POOL

POOL POOL POOL

OIL FAMILY -2

SIMPLE QUESTION: WHY THEY ARE DIFFERENT?

 THEIR PARENTS ARE DIFFERENT  OIL TO SOURCE CORRELATION
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
OIL TO SOURCE CORRELATION  MIGRATION PATHWAY
 PETROLEUM SYSTEM

POOL
KITCHEN 1

POOL OIL FAMILY -1

POOL

KITCHEN 2
POOL
POOL POOL
OIL FAMILY -2

KNOWING THE IR PARENTS  KNOWING THEIR PATHWAY

KNOWING PATHWAY KNOWING HOW TO MEET
 Expulsion from the Source Rock

PYROLISIS RESULT

The hydrocarbon content of a rock consists of 2 things:

1. Free hydro-carbons already present (S1) and

2. Hydrocarbons yet to be created from the kerogen

(S2).

3. The area between the curves represents percent

product expelled. This can actually be used as a
calibrant.
 Expulsion from
the Source Rock

ANOTHER EVIDENT OF
EXPULSION

The relationship between

1. Production Index (PI)

2. Transformation Ratio (TR)

PI = S1(measured)/S1(orig)+S2(orig)

TR = S1(original)/S1(orig)+S2(orig)

needs explanation
Expulsion
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
S1 and S2 in the denominator is always equal to 1.

1. An immature source rock will have essentially no S1 which

means the PI is zero.

2. A mature source rock will have essentially no S2 which means

the PI should be one.... if no expulsion occurs.

3. If a source rock never expels the PI is nothing more than the

transformation ratio or

PI = S1(original)/S1(original)+S2(original)).
 Expulsion from the Source Rock

As expulsion occurs, free hydrocarbons escape the

rock which means

S1(measured) will always be less than

S1(original).

So the PI in a maturing source rock will always be

less than one but greater than zero.
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
The mechanism of expulsion is still the subject of
debate. Why ?
Because  Expulsion taken place in the shale  the rock with high
capillary pressure (Pc)

The smaller the pore the higher Pc

 Needs another model , why ?
 The “FACT” of oil to source correlation should be explained
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
The mechanism of expulsion is still the subject of
debate.
One method is Porosity Saturation:
As Maturation progresses, organic matter is transformed
to oil.

The generated oil fills pore spaces created by the

destruction of kerogen.

 Oil fills the pore spaces, overcomes capillary

resistance and begins to expel.

 Expulsion needs minimum amount of generated oil

Migration - Saturation Threshold Theory
Aqua-thermal driven theory
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
Assume Hc generation drives migration process
 need minimum bitument quantity before expulsion
occur critical moment
 Can be modeled based on richness and production
index
 Need to saturarate absorbers in the rock and fill the pore
system
 Can be modeled based
 Original pore
 pore generated due to keregone destruction
 knowing total pore and total S1
If S1 > total pore  time of expulsion
 Momper (1978) estimate on average requires 850 ppm
 Porosity (%)
Generated HC(%)

EXPULSION

SATURATION MODEL Porosity curve

Depth of onset of oil maturation

Increasing porosity due to kerogene destruction

Pore filling period

First Expulsion occur

Generated HC
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
 Expulsion from the Source Rock

Certain kerogens undergo generation at

earlier maturity due to lower activation
energies.

These same kerogens can be expected

to undergo earlier expulsion.

Richer source rocks will accumulate

greater volumes earlier that lean source
rocks and, hence, begin to expel earlier.
 Expulsion from the Source Rock

• Overpressure caused by the conversion of

kerogen to oil and gas microfractures the rock
and expels the fluid phase.

Rocks that are brittle and over pressured are

likely to fracture

 Which dramatically enhances

expulsion efficiency.
Fissures Dominated Flow (After Birks)
1 mm Fissures

10 feet
0 = 0.1%

Porosity = 0.1% if fissures occur every 10 feet

Fissures Dominated Flow (After Birks)
1 mm Fissures

1 foot
0 = 1%

Porosity = 1% if fissures occur every 1 foot

 0.01 mm

45.4 feet
K = 100 md
Fracture

Fissures Dominated Flow (After Baker)

 0.01 mm

454 feet
K = 10 md
Fracture

Fissures Dominated Flow (After Baker)

 EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Expulsion efficiency
Temperature 120-150 C strongly dependent of original richness

Minimum petroleum saturation in the source rock (about 40%) is

required before efficient expulsion take place.

Rich source rocks > 5kg/ton, TOC>1.5 very efficient 60-90% of total
petroleum generated being expelled.

Lean source rocks <5kg/ton, TOC<1.5% expulsion efficiency is

much lower most of the generated oil remain in the source rocks.

Raising Temperature cracked to gas and expulsion can be very

efficient
(Cooles, Mackenzie and Qiugley 1986)
 Expulsion Efficiency
as a Function of Source Rock Richness

Certain kerogens undergo

generation at earlier maturity
due to lower activation
energies.
These same kerogens can be
expected to undergo earlier
expulsion.
Richer source rocks will
accumulate greater volumes
earlier that lean source rocks
and begin to expel earlier.
 EXPULSION EFFICIENCY

RICH SOURCE ROCKS

CONTAINING MAINLY
LABILE KEROGEN

PGI= PETROLEUM GENERATION

INDEX
IS THE FRACTION OF
PETROLEUM PRONE ORGANIC
MATER THAT HAS BEEN LEAN SOURCE ROCKS
TRANSFORM INTO PETROLEUM COMPRISING LABILE
KEROGEN

PEE = PETROLEUM EXPULSION

EFFICIENCY
IS THE FRACTION OF
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
GENERATED IN THE SOURCE
ROCKS THAT HAVE BEEN
SOURCE ROCKS CONTAIN
EXPELLED
MOSTLY REFRACTORY
KEROGEN

(Mackenzie and Qiugley 1988)

 Expulsion from the Source Rock

• In a lean source rock, not enough oil may be

generated to fill the pore spaces. With
continued burial, this trapped oil may crack
to gas

 higher expulsion efficiency.

 EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Lean source rocks Rich source rocks

(Cooles, Mackenzie and Qiugley 1986)

 Expulsion efficiency

Lean Initial Condition

rich

T=120-150 C
Oil window

T >150 C
Gas window
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
Another controlling factor is the sedimentary
geometry of the source rocks.

The expulsion efficiency is highest when the

source rocks are thin and hydrocarbons have a
short distance to migrate to more permeable
carrier beds (meters, rather than tens of
meters).

Intercalated sandstones and shales would

provide much greater expulsion efficiency than
thicker bedded shales and sands.
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
Higher efficiency Lower efficiency

Carrier bed

Carrier bed

Carrier bed

Carrier bed

Carrier bed
Carrier bed
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Different Types of Reservoired Oils

API gravity = (141.5/density) - 131.5

Hydrocarbons can be divided into 4 groups, dependent
upon physical properties:

GAS (generally methane, CH4)

CONDENSATE (wet gases in reservoir, liquid at
surface)
OIL (liquid: light, medium, and heavy oils)
MINERAL HYDROCARBONS (solids: bitumen,
asphalts, etc.)

Each type derives from a different combination of

processes.
BIOGENIC SYSTEM
Shallow biogenic gas is:

Natural gas generated by anaerobic bacteria from

organic-rich, thermally immature source rocks.

Environmental constraints on the microbes,

especially temperature and water composition,
provide the biogenic floor

Analogous to the thermogenic ceiling over deep,

basin-centered gas .
Biogenic gas accumulations are located at shallow
depths above the floor, especially around the
margins of the basin.

These shallow biogenic gas accumulations

generally are underpressured and host large
numbers of low-volume wells. (Law [2002]).
CONTROL FACTOR OF BIOGENIC METHANE PRODUCTION

Anoxic environment.
Sulfate-deficient environment: μr (sedimentation
rate) > 50 m/my.
Temperature: 60o – 75o C (optimum).
Presence of organic matter: > 0.5% w/w.
Pore space may not exist on compacted shale (i.e.
> 2000 m).
Theoretically, it can be non marine or marine
environment.
 CH2 + O2 = Co2 + H2O

O2
So4- -
HS- 2CH2O + SO4 = H2S + 2HCO3
HCO3-
CH4
CH3 COOH = CH4 + Co2
H2
(FERMENTATION)

Modified from Dudley and Claypool, 1981

Sketch of a generic basin, comparing the location of shallow, biogenic gas
accumulations above the floor with the location of deep, thermogenic accumulations
below the ceiling.
 SOME OBSERVATIONS

Shallow biogenic gas accumulations occur in a variety

of unconventional reservoir types that also have deep
thermogenic gas in the same basin.

Low-permeability clastic reservoirs in the Alberta

basin have biogenic gas on the southeastern margin
(Ridgley et al., 1999) and prolific thermogenic gas
production in the basin's center (Masters, 1984).

Fractured shales on the northern margin of the

Michigan basin have economic accumulations of
biogenic gas, although the thermogenic gas at the
basin's center has not yet been demonstrated to be
economic (Walter et al., 1997).
Low-permeability chalk reservoirs produce biogenic
gas on the eastern margin of the Denver basin and
thermogenic gas near the basin's center (Rice, 1984a).

Coalbed methane in the San Juan basin is dominantly

thermogenic but includes a component of secondary
biogenic gas along the northern margin (Scott et al.,
1994).
Cartoons contrasting pod geometries in basin cross sections with biogenic
gas accumulations above the biogenic floor that is shown as a dashed gray
line. Numbers are generic formations discussed in the text. (A) Early-
generation system has a blanket shape. (B) Late-generation system has a
ring shape marked by black diagonal lines.
Most significant production of shallow biogenic gas
comes from depths of less than 2000 ft (600 m),
although the depth of the biogenic floor may vary from
basin to basin and over time within a single basin.

A summary of worldwide biogenic gas accumulations

gives an average minimum depth of 1800 ft (550 m)
(Rice, 1993a).

A review of biogenic gas fields in the western United

States indicates that the average minimum depth is
about 1600 ft (490 m) (Rice and Claypool, 1981).
Biogenic gas is dominantly methane, but it may contain up to
2% ethane, propane, butane, and pentane (Rice and Claypool,
1981).

Isotopic analyses are used to verify a biogenic origin because

methane-rich gases are also produced by other processes.

Isotopic compositions are expressed as ratios relative to

analytic standards for 13C and for deuterium in the methane.
Ranges in these values are used to distinguish fields of
composition that commonly characterize biogenic and
thermogenic gases .

Isotopic compositions of gases from low-permeability clastic

reservoirs in the northern Great Plains, low-permeability chalks
in the Denver basin, and coal beds in the Powder River basin
plot within the field for biogenic gas (Rice, 1993a).
Early generation occurs shortly after deposition of the source-
reservoir rock Rice and Shurr, 1980; Rice and Claypool, 1981).

Generation, migration, and accumulation occur continuously

during deposition of the source-reservoir rock and may continue
on into the post depositional history of the system (Fishman et
al. 2001).

As a result, the critical moment approximately corresponds to

the deposition of the source-reservoir rock and subsequent
burial by overburden deposition
 MIGRATION CONCEPTS

Continuous gas generation in excess of solubility:

Shallow water sediment.

Exsolution of gas due to reduction of hydrostatic pressure:

Deep water sediment Tectonic.

CRITICAL FACTOR FOR GAS ACCUMULATION:

Reservoir, traps, seal < Exsolution (Releasing gas from

solution)
SECONDARY MIGRATION
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
STARTING LINE OF SECONDARY MIGRATION IS KITCHEN “OUTLINE”
SECONDARY MIGRATION CONCENTRATES SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM
INTO SPECIFIC SITES (TRAPS) WHERE IT MAY BE COMMERCIALLY
EXTRATED.

THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY MIGRATION (OUT OF THE

SORCE ROCK) AND SECONDARY MIGRATION (TROUGH CARRIER BED)
IS THE POROSITY, PERMEABILITY, PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TROUGH
WHICH MIGRATION TAKE PLACE.

END POINT OF SECONDARY MIGRATION

TRAPS
SEEPAGES
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
HOW PETROLEUM KITCHEN IS DEFINED

KITCHEN ELEMENTS:
1. SOMETHING TO BE COOKED  ROCKS WITH HIGH TOC
CONTENT
2. HEAT SOURCE  GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT

KITCHEN IS AN AREA WITHIN THE SEDIMENTARY BASIN WHICH MEET

TO THOSE CRITERIA
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

HOW PETROLEUM KITCHEN IS DEFINED

KITCHEN ELEMENTS:
1. SOMETHING TO BE COOKED  SOURCE ROCK ANALYSIS
1. RICHNESS

2. KEROGENE TYPE

3. MATURITY
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
HOW PETROLEUM KITCHEN IS DEFINED
1. HEAT SOURCE  THERMAL MODELING
1. BURIAL HISTORY
1. 1D THERMAL MODELING
2. DEPTH MATURITY ONSET

2. 2 D THERMAL MODELINGGEOLOGICAL XSECTION &

DEPTH ONSET

3. 3 D THERMAL MODELING DEFINING KITCHEN AREA

Well : Tanjung Tiram-1

Figure 5.1.11. Burial history of Tanjung Tiram-1 well.

 SOURCE ROCK ANALYSIS : MADURA Q-1 WELL

(Ft)
0,5

Poor

Kerogen Type II & III

(Oil and Gas Prone)
Fair

Good

Top Oil Window

Based Ro= 0,6 %
= 8177 Ft

Kitchen depth

MADURA Q-1 WELL

 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

Kitchen area
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANIC OF SECONDARY MIGRATION IS IMPORTANT IN
THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF ACTIVE CHARGE SYSTEM, SPECIALLY IN:
• TRACING AND PREDICTING MIGRATION PATHWAYS
AREA RECEIVING PETROLEUM CHARGE
• INTERPERETING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM
SHOWS AND SURFACE SEEPAGES.
• ESTIMATING SEAL CAPACITY IN BOTH STRUCTURAL AND
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS
• MAIN DRIVING FORCE FORCE BEHIND SECONDARY MIGRATION ARE:
BUOYANCY
• PORE PRESSURE GRADIENT: High P  Low P
• MAIN RESTRICTING FORCES TO SECONDARY MIGRATION IS THE
CAPILARY PRESSURE
 WHICH INCREASE AS PORE SIZE BECOME SMALLER
• ENTRAPMENT WHEN CAPILLARY PRESSURE EXCEEDS THE DRIVING
FORCES.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
BUYANCY AS DRIVING FORCE IN
SCONDARY MIGRATION .
BUOYANCY IS THE PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT IN
THE PETROLEUM COLOUMN AND
THE SURROUNDING PORE WATER.
IT IS A FUNCTION OF A PETROLEUM-
WATER DENSITY DIFFERENCE AND
THE HEIGHT OF THE PETROLEUM
COLOUMN.
A LARGE BUOYANCY PRESSURE
MAY DEVELOP AT THE TOPS OF
LARGE, LOW DENSITY (GAS)
PETROLEUM COLOUMNS.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS AT
POINT TROUGHOUT THE ETROLEUM
COLOUMN DEFINE A PETROLEUM
PRESSURE GRADIENT
THIS INTERSECT THE HYDROSTATIC
GRADIENT AT THE PETROLEUM-
WATER CONTACT.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION
HYDROSTATIC CONDITION
 BUOYANCY IS THE ONLY DRIVING FORCE

HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITION
1. COULD INHIBIT OR ASSIST SECONDARY MIGRATION
2. AFFECTING THE DIRECTION AND RATE OF MIGRATION
3. INCREASING OR DECREASING THE DRIVING PRESSURES
AGAINST VERTICAL OR LATERAL SEALS
4. TILTING PETROLEUM WATER CONTACTS AND DISPLACING
PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION (OFF THE CREST OF STRUCTURAL
CLOSURE
 BUOYANCY
FORCE

POTENSIAL PLANE

HYDRODYNAMIC
FORCE

HYDRODINAMIC
FLOW

HYDRODINAMIC TRAP
TILTING HC CONTACT
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESTRICTING FORCE IN SECONDARY MIGRATION
• CAPILLARY PRESSURE
• DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE
• INJECTION PRESSURE
FUNCTION OF THE SIZE (RADIUS) OF PORE THROAT
INTERFACIAL SURFACE TENSION BETWEEN THE WATER AND PETROLEUM AND
WETTABILITY OF THE PETROLEUM-WATER-ROCK SYSTEM
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESISTANT FORCE IN
SECONDARY HYDROCARBON
MIGRATION.
HIGHER PRESSURE ARE
NEEDED TO FORCE
PETROLEUM GLOBULES
TROUGH SMALLER PORES
(AFTER PURCELL 1949 IN
SCHOWALTER 1976)
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
INTERFACIAL TENSION
• DEPENDS ON THE PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM AND WATER, AND
IS INDEPENDENT OF THE ROCK CHARACTERISTIC
• FUNCTION PRIMARY OF THE PETROLEUM COMPOSITION AND
TEMPERATUREDECREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE
• GAS-WATER INTERFACIAL TENSIONS ARE GENERALLY HIGHER
THAN THOSE FOR OIL –WATER
• FOR THE SAME ROCK DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE
FOR GAS > FOR OIL
• THE BUOYANCY PRESSURES ARE NORMALLY GREATER FOR GAS.
• WETTABILITY IS FUNCTION OF THE PETROLEUM WATER AND ROCK
• MOST ROCK SURFACES ARE WATER WET
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
PORE SIZES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT
ON SECONDARY MIGRATION AND
ENTRAPMENT
PORE SIZES CAN BE ESTIMATED
• THIN SECTION
• SEM
• DISPLACEMENT PRESSUREMICP
Idealized sandstone porosity system showing four basic pore types: intergranular,
microporosity, dissolution, and fracture.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
CAPILLARY PRESSURE =2g (1/Rt-1/Rb)
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
Critical petroleum height = Ypc
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

MIGRATION PATHWAYS
DRIVING FORCE  BUOYANCY
PETROLEUM MIGRATION DIRECTION STEEPEST SLOPE
PEPENDICULAR TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS OR TRUE DIP DIRECTION
LINE DRAWN AT RIGHT ANGLES TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS OF THE
TOP CARRIER BED/BASE SEAL HORIZON ORTHO CONTOURS
ORTHOCONTOUR MAP ILLUSTRATE HYDROCARBONS MIGRATION
PATHWAYS FROM ITS KITCHEN AREA
ILLUSTRATE FOCUSING AND DE-FOCUSING EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL
FEATURES IN PROSPECT DRAINAGE AREA
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

MIGRATION PATHWAYS
LATERAL MIGRATION
SHORT DISTANCE
LONG DISTANCE
• LONG DISTANCE MIGRATION  PROSPECT S REMOTE FROM
AREA OF MATURE SOURCE ROCKS (KITCHENS AREA )
• THE STRUCTURAL EFFECTS MAY STRONGLY INFLUENCE THE
PATTERN OF HYDROCARBON CHARGE
• PETROLEUM FLOW CAN BE SPLIT WHEN ENCOUNTERING A LOW
AND CONCENTRATED ALONG REGIONAL HIGH
• GEOMETRY OF THE KITCHEN EFFECT PETROLEUM CHARGE
VOLUMES
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

MIGRATION PATHWAYS
• ORTHOCONTOURS ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE ACTUAL
TIME OF SECONDARY MIGRATION.

• PRESENT DAY STRUCTURE MAPS MAY BE USED TO

MODEL PRESENT DAY MIGRATION.

• ISOPACHING (3-D DECOMPACTION) CAN BE USED TO

PRODUCE PALEOSTRUCTURE MAP AND USED TO
MODEL PALEO MIGRATION
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
OTHER FACTORS:
SEALING FAULT ; MAY DEFLECT PETROLEUM FLOW LATERALLY.

NON SEALING FAULTS; ALLOWS PETROLEUM TO FLOW ACROSS THE

FAULT INTO JUXTAPOSE PERMEABLE BED AT DIFFERENT
STRATIGRAPHIC LEVEL.
 NEEDS A DIFFERENT STRUCTURE MAP FOR SECONDARY
MIGRATION MODELLING.

 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CARRIER BEDS CAUSED BY LATERAL

STRATIGRAPHIC CHANGES BY SANDING OUT OF SHALE SEAL.

 THE ORTHOCONTOUR MAP SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ONLY AS

FAR AS ASEAL PERSIST
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

SECONDARY MIGRATION LOSSES

TWO DISTINCT HABITATS:
MINIATUR TRAPSDEAD ENDS ALONG THE MIGRATION
ROUTE PRODUCED BY FAULTED AND DIP CLOSED
GEOMETRIES AND STRATIGRAPHIC CHANGES. TRAP COULD
BE OBSERVABLE BUT NO COMMERCIAL

RESIDUAL PETROLEUM SATURATION IN THE PORE OF

CARRIER BED, TRAPPED BY CAPILLARY FORCES 30% OF
THE PORE VOLUME.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
 CMP=2D;TH=THF;MAT=LL SHEA
X-Section 1 TI=2;KEXP=Sat;PRM=PL
Elevation/ECHUCA SHOALS/1D Grid Output=MWell Grid @ 3 (my) DI=1000
8824000
0

MINOTAUR-1ST2
_user_well_5
BASILISK-1
8800000
WALLAROO-1ST

-1000
NABARLEK-1
FOHN-1ST

_user_well_0

_user_well_1 -2000

Elevation (m)
Y (m)

8750000 _user_well_2

_user_well_3

DARWINIA-1 _user_well_4 -3000

JACARANDA-1

_user_well_7

-4000
8700000
CURLEW

SCHILLING-1 X-Section 1' -5000 _u

8670000
274000
280000 300000 320000 340000 360000 380000 398000
X (m)
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
Petroleum System
A Dynamic Entity
1) Early Generation Spill Point
Spill Point

Seal Rock
Reservoir Rock (Mudstone)
Migration from (Sandstone)
‘Kitchen’
Gas beginning
2) Late Generation to displace oil

Displaced oil
accumulates
Gas displaces
all oil