Professional Documents
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Experiments
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A QUICK HISTORY OF
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
• The agricultural origins, 1918 – 1940s
• R. A. Fisher & his co-workers
• Profound impact on agricultural science
• Factorial designs, ANOVA
• The first industrial era, 1951 – late 1970s
• Box & Wilson, response surfaces
• Applications in the chemical & process industries
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CONTD…
• The second industrial era, late 1970s – 1990
• Quality improvement initiatives in many companies
• TQM were important ideas and became management goals
• Taguchi and robust parameter design, process robustness
• The modern era, beginning 1990
• Six sigma, Lean Six sigma
• Clinical Trails, Mathematical biology.
• Algorithm design and analysis,
• Networking, group testing, and cryptography
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Why we use
Experimental Designs
"All experiments are designed experiments, it is
just that some are poorly designed and some are
well-designed."
Experimental designs are used so that the
treatments may be assigned in an organized manner
to allow valid statistical analysis to be carried out
on the resulting data.
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What is Design of
Experiments
It is a logical planning (or construction) of the
experiment having a complete sequence of steps taken
ahead of time to ensure that the appropriate data will
be obtained in a way which permits an objective
analysis of a particular problem leading to valid and
precise inference in most economic and useful forms.
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Subject Matter of Design
of Experiments
It includes:
• Planning of the experiment
• Obtaining data from it
• Making statistical analysis of the data obtained.
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HOW DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
CONTRIBUTES
TREATMENT EXPERIMENTAL
RANDOMNESS
GROUP ERROR
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TERMINOLOGY
• Control Group :- A group assigned to the experiment, but not for the
purpose of being exposed to the treatment. Performance of this group
serves as a baseline.
• Treatment Group:- The Group in an experiment which receives the
specified treatment.
• Factor:- This term is used when an experiment involves more than one
variable. These variables are often identified as factor.
• Level:- Refers to the degree or intensity of a factor.
• Randomness:-refers to the property of completely chance events that
are not predictable.
• Replication:- The repetition of the treatment under consideration.
• Blocks:- refers to the categories of subjects with a treatment5/20/2019
group. 11
EXPERIMENTAL
ERROR
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ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(ANOVA)
• This Statistical technique was first developed by
R.A.Fisher and was extensively used for agriculture
experiments.
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ANOVA TABLE FORMAT
MSTR / MSE
Error SSr dfe = dfT-dft MSE=SSr / dfe
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The Steps in Designing an
Experiment
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The Steps in Designing an
Experiment (Contd…)
• Step 3: Determine the number of experimental units.
In general, more experimental units is better.
Unfortunately, time and money will always be
limiting factors, so we have to decide an appropriate
number
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The Steps in Designing an
Experiment (Contd…)
• Step 4: Determine the level(s) of each factor.
We split factors up into three categories:
o Control: If possible, we try to fix the level of factors that we're
not interested in.
o Manipulate: This is the treatment - we manipulate the levels of
the variable that we think will affect the response variable.
o Randomize: Often, there are factors we just can't control. To
mitigate their effect on the data, we randomize the groups. By
randomly assigning experimental units, these factors should be
equally spread among all groups.
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The Steps in Designing an
Experiment (Contd…)
• Step 5: Conduct the experiment.
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENTS
• Randomization
• Replication
• Local Control (Blocking)
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Complete and Incomplete Block
Designs
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SOME EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
Complete
Designs
LSD RBD
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COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN
(CRD)
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Characteristics of the CRD
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TABLE FOR CALCULATION
C 7 3 5 4 1 20 5 400 80 100
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Null Hypothesis :
H0: the 3 makes of computers do not differ in the durability
• CF = (Ti)2/ni
= (100)2/15
= 666.67
• SST = ∑∑X2ij – CF
= 800 -666.67
= 133.33
• SSM = ∑Ti2/ni – CF
= 730 - 666.67
= 63.33
Total 133.33 14
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DISADVANTAGES
• If experimental units are not homogeneous and you fail
to minimize this variation using blocking, there may be a
loss of precision.
• Usually the least efficient design unless experimental
units are homogeneous.
• Not suited for a large number of treatments.
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CRD
Complete
Designs
LSD RBD
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RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN
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RANDOMISED BLOCK
DESIGN (RBD)
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ANOVA TABLE FORMAT
dfT = nT-1
Total SST
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Example
Four Doctors each test 4 treatments for certain disease and
observe the number of each days each patient takes to recover.
The results are : Treatments
Doctor 1 2 3 4
A 10 14 19 20
B 11 15 17 21
C 9 12 16 19
D 8 13 17 20
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Hypothesis
Two WAY ANALYSIS
H0A: There is no significant difference between the doctors.
H1A: Atleast one of the doctor is significantly different.
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Table for calculations
Doctor 1 2 3 4 Ti K Ti2 / k ∑X2ij
A 10 14 19 20 63 4 992.25 1057
B 11 15 17 21 64 4 1024 1076
C 9 12 16 19 56 4 784 842
D 8 13 17 20 58 4 841 922
∑Ti2 / k =
Tj 38 54 69 80 241 16 3641.25 3897
∑Tj2 / h
Tj2 / h 361 729 1190.25 1600 = 3880.25
• SSTotal = ∑∑X2ij - CF
= 3897 – 3630.06 = 266.94
• SSD = ∑Ti2 / h – CF
= 3641.25 – 3630.06 = 11.19
• SSt = ∑Tj2 / k – CF
= 3880.25 -3630.06 = 250.19
= 6.02
Treatments 250.19 3 83.40 83.40 / 0.62
= 134.52
Error 5.56 9 0.62 -
Total 266.94 15
F0 > F5%
The difference between the doctors is significant and that between the
Treatments is highly significant. 5/20/2019 42
ADVANTAGES
• Complete flexibility can have any number of treatments
and blocks.
• Provides more accurate results than the completely
randomized design due to grouping.
• Relatively easy statistical analysis even with missing
data.
• Some treatments may be replicated more times than
others.
• Whole treatments or entire replicates may be deleted
from the analysis.
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DISADVANTAGES
• Not suitable for large numbers of treatments because
blocks become too large, and there is possibility of
hetertrogenity among the experimental units of the
blocks
• Interactions between block and treatment effects
increase error.
• Serious problem with the analysis if a block factor by
treatment interaction effect actually exists and no
replication within blocks has been included. (solution:
use replication within blocks when possible).
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CRD
Complete
LSD RBD
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LATIN SQUARE DESIGN (LSD)
• A Latin square is a square array of objects (letters A, B, C, …) such that each
object appears once and only once in each row and each column.
• Example - 4 x 4 Latin Square.
ABCD
BCDA
CDAB
DABC
• The Latin Square Design is for a situation in which there are two extraneous
sources of variation. If the rows and columns of a square are thought of as levels
of the the two extraneous variables, then in a Latin square each treatment appears
exactly once in each row and column.
• With the Latin Square design we are able to control variation in two directions.
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CHARACTERISTICS
OF LSD
• In LSD we have three factors:
Treatments, Rows and Columns
• The number of treatments = the number of rows = the number of
colums = t (say).
• The row-column treatments are represented by cells in a t x t array.
• The treatments are assigned to row-column combinations using a
Latin-square arrangement, that is each row contains every treatment.
and each column contains every treatment.
• Every treatment occurs once in each row and column.
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ANOVA TABLE FORMAT
Source Of Sum Of Degree Of
Mean Squares
Variation Squares Freedom F
(MS)
(SV) (SS) (df)
dft = nt-1 MSTR = SSt / dft
Treatment SSt MSTR / MSErr
MSRow = SSr /
Rows SSr dfr = nr-1 MSRow / MSErr
dfr
dfe = dfT-dft-dfr-
MSErr = SSe / dfe
Error SSe dfc
dfT = nT-1
Total SST 5/20/2019 48
Example
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HYPOTHESIS
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E1 E2 E3 Ti Ti2 / n ∑X2ij
Day 1 16(B1) 17(B2) 20(B3) 53 936.33 945
Day 2 16(B2) 21(B3) 15(B1) 52 901.33 922
Day 3 15(B3) 12(B1) 13(B2) 40 533.33 538
Tj 47 50 48 145 ∑= 2405
2370.99
T2j / n 736.33 833.33 768 ∑=
2337.66
∑X2ij 737 874 794 2405
• SSTotal =∑∑X2ij – CF
= 2405 – 2336.11 = 68.89
• SSD1=∑∑Ti2 / n – CF
= 2370.99 – 2336.11 = 34.88
• SSD2=∑∑Tj2 / n – CF
= 2337.66 – 2336.11 = 1.55
• SSD3=∑∑Tk2 / n – CF
= 2366.99 – 2336.11 = 30.88
= 22.51
Engines 1.55 2 0.775 0.775 / 0.775
=1
Burners 30.88 2 15.44 15.44 / 0.775
= 19.93
Error 1.55 2 0.775
Total 68.89 8
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CONCLUSION
• F0(1) < F5% The Difference Between the Engine is not significant
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ADVANTAGES
• We can control variation in two directions. It means
LSD is more efficient then CRD and RBD.
• Being an incomplete 3-way desin it is economic over
the corresponding complete 3-way design. Instead of
𝑟 3 experimental units, here only 𝑟 2 experimental
units are sufficient.
• The analysis remains relatively simple even with
missing data.
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DISADVANTAGES
• Number of treatment is limited to the number of replicates
which seldom exceeds 10.
• If we have less than 5 treatments, the df for controlling random
variation is relatively large and the df for error is small.
• The number of treatments must equal the number of replicates.
• The experimental error is likely to increase with the size of the
square.
• Evaluation of interactions between rows and columns, rows
and treatments & columns and treatments is not possible
separately.
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FACTORIAL
EXPERIMENT
Factorial designs include two or more factors, each
having more than one level or treatment. Participants
typically are randomized to a combination that includes
one treatment or level from each factor.
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BALANCED INCOMPLETE
BLOCK DESIGNS (BIBD)
• Situation where the number of treatments exceeds number of
units per block (or logistics do not allow for assignment of all
treatments to all blocks)
• # of Treatments v
• # of Blocks b
• Replicates per Treatment r < b
• Block Size k < v
• Total Number of Units N = kb = rv
• All pairs of Treatments appear together in l = r(k-1)/(v-1)
Blocks for some integer l
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NESTED DESIGNS
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Thank
you
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