“METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IN ROOF

TECHNICS”

UNDER GUIDANCE OF : PRESENTED BY:

PROF. S. M. PATIL ANEELKUMAR CHINCHOLI
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CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION
 TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN ROOFS
 FUNCTIONS REQUIREMENT OF ROOFS
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROOFS
 SELECTION OF COVERING MATERIALS
 CONCLUSION
 REFFERANCE
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INTRODUCTION

 Roof: - A Roof is a topmost portion of a building which is supported on

structural member and covered with a roofing material. To give
protection to building from rain, snow, wind, direct sunlight etc.
 A good roof also increase the life of the building also increase the
transverse strength of the wall. The elegance of the buildings also
depends on the roofs.
 Roof structure can be made of timber, steel, G.I. Pipes and Concrete
 Types of roof depending upon the shape and material used
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TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN ROOFS

 Ridge: The apex line of the sloping roof. It is thus

the apex of the angle formed by the termination of
the inclined surfaces at the top of a slope.
 Pitched roof: A sloping roof is called pitched roof.
 Ridge Board or Ridge Beam: This is wooden
piece or board which runs horizontally at the apex.
 Gable: A vertical triangular upper part of the wall
formed at the end of a pitched roof is called gable
or gable end.
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 Hip: It is a ridge formed by the intersection of two

sloped surface having an exterior angle greater than 180
degree.
 Valley: It is the acute angle or a gutter formed by the
intersection of two slopes in a pitched roof.
 Eaves: These are the lower edge of the pitched roof.
 Battens: These are thin strips of wood, fixed on
common rafter to support roofing material.
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 Purlin: - These are horizontal wooden or a steel members laid on principal rafters on
wall to wall to support common rafters of a roof when the span is large.
 Truss: A roof truss is a framework of triangles designed to support the roof covering
r ceiling over rooms. The use of interior column is avoided.
 Span: The clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam or roof truss is
called span. Whereas horizontal distance between centre of supports is called
effective span.
 Rise of roof: - It is the vertical distance between the wall plate and the top of the
ridge.
 Common rafter: - These are intermediate inclined wooden member laid over the
purlins from the ridge to eaves. They are used to roof support to the covering.
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FUNCTIONS REQUIREMENT OF ROOFS

 The roof structure should be strong and stable so that it can take
up anticipated load safety
 The roof should be durable against adverse effect of element like
rain, snow, sun, wind, etc.
 It should have efficient water-proofing.
 It should have good drainage system.
 The roof provide desired insulation against heat and sound.
 The roof should offers an adequate of fire resistance.
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 Type of roof framework,

 The weight of the material also affects its compatibility with
your roof. Metal roofs are incredibly lightweight, making them
easier to install. Meanwhile, due to their weight, tile roofs
require reinforced framing for support.
 Appearance and special feature of the locality.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ROOFS

1. Pitched or Sloping Roof

2. Flat or Terrace Roof
3. Shell Roofs
4. Domes
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1. Pitched or Sloping Roof: - It is the most common type of roof and is

usually considered as the cheapest alternative for covering a
structure.
In India pitched roof are used in village, in workshops
and factories, cinemas halls, auditorium, godowns.
Pitched roof have two components
 Roof structure and
 Roof covering
Roof structure can be made of timber, steel, G.I. Pipes
and Concrete. The most commonly used material for making the structure
is mild steel. Timber is generally used for small span and in those places
where good quality of timber is easily and cheaply available.
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Types of Pitched roofs:

 a) Lean-to-roof
 b) Coupled roof
 c) Couple-close roof
 d) Collar beam roof
 e) Scissors roof
 f) Trussed roof
i) King post roof truss
ii) Queen post roof truss
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2. Flat or Terrace Roof: - A roof which is nearly flat ( i.e., angle to the
horizontal less than 10 degree) is knows as flat roof.
 It should be noted that no roof can be laid perfectly level.
 The flat room are normal laid at a slope of 1:2 to 1:6, sloping in one or more
direction from centre, to drain water efficiently and smoothly.
The following are the importance points to be related to
consider for flat roof:
 The flat roof are constructed in flag stones, reinforced cement concrete,
reinforced brick work, jack arch roof or precast cement concrete units.
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 Efficient water-proofing and roof drainage is an important requirement

of flat roof.
 In addition layer of insulating material (mud, lime, concrete, etc.,) is
laid over the roof surface to provide adequate thermal insulation to the
space below.
 In case of R.C.C, roof slab provided with terracing, a slope of 1:40 to
1:60 is considered desirable for proper drainage of rain water in areas of
moderate rain fall.
 The slope may be increased, in case of flat roofs in heavy rain fall
regions.
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a) Advantages of flat roofs

 Construction and maintenance is easier.
 Flat roof have better insulating properties.
 They are more stable against high winds.
 Flat roofs are provide to be economical
 They requires lesser area of roofing material than pitched roof.
 The construction of the upper floor can be easily done over the flat roof, if
so required in future.
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b) Dis-advantages of flat roofs

 A flat roof cannot be used for long spans without intermediate
column and beams.
 They are unsuitable at places of heavy rainfall.
 They are highly unsuitable for hilly areas or other areas where there
is a heavy snow fall.
 It is difficult to locate and rectify leak in flat roof.
 The progress of flat roof is slow compere to pitched roof.
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3. Shell Roofs: - A shell is a thin structure composed

of curved sheets of material, they can be defined as
curved or angled structures capable of transmitting
loads in more than two directions to supports.
 Shells is belong to the family of arches.
 A shell with one curved surface is known as a vault
(single curvature).
 A shell with doubly curved surface is known as a
dome (double curvature).
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There are many different ways to classify shell structures but

two ways are common:
 The material which the shell is made of: like reinforced concrete,
plywood or steel, because each one has different properties that can
determine the shape of the building and therefore, these
characteristics have to be considered in the design.

 The shell thickness: shells can be thick or thin.

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The thin shell structures are a light weight construction

composed of a relatively thin shell made of reinforced concrete.
Under thin concrete structures are classified as below:
 Barrels shells
 Folded plate
 Hyperbolic shell (Hyper)
 Various Double Curvature
Barrels shells Folded plate

Hyperbolic shell (Hyper) Various Double Curvature

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4. Domes: - A rounded roof, with a circular base, shaped like an arch

in all directions.

 Domes are Semi-elliptical or semi-spherical in shape and its

thickness uniform or varying.
 These are construction in the material of Brick, stone, steel, wood,
concrete or tile.
 First used in much of the Middle East and North Africa when it
spread to other parts of the Islamic world, become a symbol of
Islamic architecture.
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 Dome has double curvature and the resulting structure is much stiffer
and stronger than a single curved surface, such as a barrel shells.

General type of domes:

 Ribbed dome
 Braced dome
 Compound dome
 Crossed-arch dome
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SELECTION OF COVERING MATERIALS

The selection of covering material depends upon following

factors.
 Climate of the locality,
 Nature of the building,
 Initial cost and Maintenance cost,
 Durability this is one of the most important factors to consider for this
type of home improvement project. Look for materials that have long
life spans and high durability.
 Available of material,
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CONCLUSION

 The smaller the element, the more easily it adapts to the structure.
 Good quality timber is desirable but wood is getting scarce and
expensive.
 The stresses within the roofing element are dependent on its
dimensions and how it is fixed.
 In this respect the roofing tile seems to have an advantage compared
with the roofing sheet.
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REFFERANCE

1. Harris, Cyril M. (editor). Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Third Edition,

New York, McGraw Hill, 2000, p. 775
2. "Roofing Materials to Protect You from the Elements". Huff Post. Retrieved 2018-11-
07.
3. C.M. Harris, Dictionary of Architecture & Construction
4. "ESO Supernova Star Roof Complete". Retrieved 13 April 2016.
5. "Chapter 9 - Roof Assemblies". Publicecodes.cyberregs.com. Archived from the
original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
6. "TRADITIONAL ROOFING MAGAZINE - Six Steps to Building a 150 Year Roof by
Joseph Jenkins". www.traditionalroofing.com.
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Thank you