Chapter7,8,9

Basic Electrical Engineering

Current: Current is the flow of charge, I Unit ampere (A)

Potential difference: The algebraic difference in potential (or voltage)

between two points of a network, V OR E, Unit-Volt.

Resistance: Due to the collisions between electrons and other atoms

in the material, which converts electrical energy into another form of
energy such as heat, is called the resistance of the material. The unit of
measurement of resistance is the ohm, for which the symbol is Ω , the
capital Greek letter omega. (R).
Ohms Law: At constant temperature, the current through in a conductor
is proportional to the potential difference between two points of that
conductor.
I α V, I = V/R, V = IR

Power is an indication of how much work (the conversion of energy from

one form to another) can be done in a specified amount of time, that is, a
rate of doing work, P (watt).
P = VI, P = I2R, P = V2/R

SERIES CIRCUITS
The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum of the resistance levels.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the
potential rises and drops around a closed loop (or path) is zero.

Or the applied voltage of a series circuit equals the sum of the voltage
drops across the series elements.
Parallel Connection:
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of the
currents entering and leaving an area, system, or junction is zero.
In other words,
the sum of the currents entering an area, system, or junction must
equal the sum of the currents leaving the area, system, or junction.
Thevinin’s Theorem:

Any two-terminal network, made up of linear resistance and of

voltage and current sources, can be replaced by a single voltage
source and a series resistance so chosen that the emf of the source
is equal to the voltage which would be measured at open circuit at
the network terminals, and the series resistance is equal to the
resistance which would be measured at the network terminals at
open circuit, all voltage sources and current sources in the network
being inactive.

2Ω
Norton’s Theorem:

Any two-terminal network, made up of linear resistance and of

voltage and current sources, can be replaced by a single current
source and a parallel resistance so chosen that the current of the
source is equal to the current which would be measured at short
circuit at the network terminals, and the parallel resistance is equal
to the resistance which would be measured at the network terminals
at open circuit, all voltage sources and current sources in the
network being inactive.
2Ω
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

The current through, or voltage across, an element in a linear bilateral

network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages
produced independently by each source, while other sources being
inactive.
Maimum power transfer theorem: