CULTURAL VARIATION

- refers to the differences in social behaviors

that different cultures exhibit around the
world. What may be considered good
etiquette in one culture may be considered
bad etiquette in another.
There are many differences between the various cultures across
the planet. These differences include the way people interact,
what they wear and what they eat. Many cultural differences can
be explained by the environment and resources of the region.

Example of Cultural Variation:

Japanese people eat more fish than residents of the United
States because fishing is far more practical than raising
land animals in Japan. Cultural variations become obvious
when put side by side in large multicultural cities.
 SOCIAL DIFFERENCES
• The differences among the individuals on the basis
of social characteristics and qualities.
• Are the complex differences and they include class,
race, culture, age, ability, sex etc. Social differences
can create discrimination among the individuals on
the basis of their social characteristics.
Example of Social Differences:
If in a society, individuals with high status are given
more respect and importance as compare to the poor
or homeless people then it is a social difference. Social
differences can create a lot of problems in a society
because discrimination always result in inequality,
inferiority complex and other social problems.
Social Change
- is a process by which alteration
take place in the structure and
function of a social mechanism.
Example of Social Change:
Evolution, invention of new
techniques, and adaptation of
new ideas.
Five (5) Steps on the
Process of Social Change:
1. Discovery
2. Invention
3. Innovation
4. Diffusion of innovation
5. Social change
1. Discovery - is a shared human perception of an aspect
of reality which already exists. Discovery becomes a
factor of social change only when it is put to use.

2. Invention - is the discoveries of new combination of

existing things.

There are two types of invention:

1. Material invention
2. Social invention
3. Innovation is more developed and refined form of invention.
4. Diffusion of Innovation - One of the greatest pains of human nature is the
pain of new idea. It makes you think after all, your favorite nation may be wrong,
your firmest belief may be ill. It is naturally common men hate new ideas, and
disposes more or less to ill. When we have an innovation, then it is time to
diffuse it in society.
The Three (3) Most Effective Ways to Diffuse Innovations are:
1. Communication channels
2. Mass media
3. Interpersonal communication
5. Social Changes that persist over long
durations of time and are imbibed and
generally accepted lead to cultural
change in society. Moreover, social
change need not be restricted to any
particular region and can sweep across
continents.
GROUP ACTIVITY:
* Group the class into 4 groups.
* Each group will choose their own leader and secretary.
* The group leader shall facilitate in giving the name of the group and knowing the
gender, socio-economic class, ethnicity, and religion of each member (5 minutes). D
* The group secretary shall record all answers of each member in ½ crosswise
yellow paper in table form as shown below:
Identity - is often thought of
as the expression of an
individual’s belief system
and social affiliations.
Political identity - is almost always
associated with a group affiliation and
describes the ways in which being a
member of a particular group might express
specific political opinions and attitudes.

- frequently refers to a specific political

party affiliation or partisan identity.
Example of Political Identity:

In the U.S., being a Democrat or a Republican is an

important expression of a person's views on life;
partisan affiliation signifies membership in a group
that defines a worldview and a core set of common
values. As political parties benefit from political
identity of this kind -- since it makes for very loyal and
reliable voters -- parties seek to cultivate partisan
loyalty among their members.
Identity Politics as a mode of organizing is closely
connected to the concept that some social groups
are oppressed (such as women, ethnic
minorities, sexual minorities, etc.), and that this
makes one vulnerable to cultural
imperialism, violence, exploitation, marginalizatio
n, or powerlessness. Identity politics starts from
analyses of oppression to recommend a
restructuring of the existing society.
Identity Politics is a phenomenon that arose first
at the radical margins of liberal
democratic societies in which human rights are
recognized, and the term is not usually used to
refer to dissident movements within single-party
or authoritarian states. The elements of identity
politics can be seen to be present in many of the
earliest statements of feminists, ethnic
movements, and gay and lesbian liberation.
GROUP ACTIVITY: (Divide the class into 4 groups, then each group will be assigned for each administration):

Duterte
Administration