• Epidermis-

epithelial cells with no blood

Avascular
• Dermis-
True skin made of connective tissue and is
vascular

• Hypodermis-
subcutaneous.
Attatches integument to
muscle-
1. Epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale (germinativum)
2. Basement membrane
3. Dermis
papillary dermis
reticular dermis
4. Hypodermis
 Derma = Skin
 Dermatology
 Study of skin
 Dermatitis
 Inflammation of skin
 Epi = upon
 Epidermis
 Top layer of skin
 Vascular= pertaining to blood or lots of blood
supply
Categories of body membranes

Epithelial
•Epithelial layer
•Connective layer
•Joined by basement
membrane

Epithelial
Basement membrane

Connective
Categories of body membranes

Connective
•Multiple layers of
different connective
tissues

Connective
Connective
 Layers (strata) of the epidermis

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum
Stratum
Stratum basale germinativum
1. composed of dead keratinized cell
(thin, stacked, pancake, anucleate cells)
2.abraded by daily trauma
3.80% are filled with keratin
4.Keratin -- “hard” in hair and nails
“soft” in normal skin
 1. in areas where the epidermis is thicker
-- the palms, the soles
 2. absent from thinner skin -- eyelid
 3. one to five cells thick
 4. a transitional layer where active
lysosomal enzymes degrade the
nucleus and organelles
 1. one to five cells thick
 2. kerato hyalin granules present in the
keratinocytes
 3. intensely stained by acid and basic dyes
 4. still have active nuclei
 1. decribed as the prickly layer due to
morphology (polyhedral)
 2. prominent feature – desmosome, a type
of cell-cell junction
1. the innermost epidermal layer
2. a single layer of mitotically active cells
called basal keratinocytes or basal cells
3. upward migration can take 2~3 weeks
b. Langerhans cell
---structure:
deep nucleus, light cytoplasms
-among the spinous cell
-dendritic-typed processes

---function:
 antigen presenting cell in skin
 involve in immune reaction

c.

Merkel’s cell
---structure:
located in basal layer
with short processes
functions : they act as mechanoreceptors and contain
neurotransmitter materials.
1. the innermost epidermal layer
2. a single layer of mitotically active cells
called basal keratinocytes or basal cells
3. upward migration can take 2~3 weeks
 1. The thickest layer of skin ( 2 ~ 4 mm,
average 2 mm), the back is most thick
 2. derived from mesoderm
 3. vascularized and innervated.
 4. a network of papillary loops, supported
by a deep horizontal plexus
 5. major proteins: collagen, elastin
 6. divided into papillary dermis and
reticular dermis
 a) papillary layer
small blood vessels, lymph & nerves
fine collagen & elastic fibers
b) reticular layer
vascular plexus, lymph, nerves &
appendages
compact collagen fibers & thick elastic
fibers
 Fibroblast ( fat cells)
 Macrophages
 Histocytes
 Mast cells

 Blood vessels, lymphatics, nerve endings of

sensory nerves,hair follicles and glands also
lie within the dermis
 1. a superficial fascia below the dermis
 2. an adipose layer containing subdermal
plexus of blood vessels
 3. provide insulation, reserve of energy,
cushioning
 Hair and nails are specialized appendages of
skin.
They are modified epidermal cell.
1. Protection
2. Immunity
3. Thermoregulation
4. Sensation
5. Metabolism
6. Gaseous exchange
7.Water balance (sweat )
8. Excretion
9. Secretion
10. Absorption
 Role of hair:
 Scalp hair provides some insulation against
heat
 Eye brows act as cushion in protecting the
eyes
 Eye lashes act as screen against foreign
particles
 Hair in nostrils help in keep out dust
particles
.
Cover- protects from germs,
dehydration, injury. First line of
defense
Regulates body temperature
Manufactures vitamin D
Site of many nerve endings
Temporary storage of glucose, fat,
water and salt.
Protects from UV radiation
Can absorb chemical substances
 Nitroglycerinpatch
 Ointment for rashes