BASICS OF DATA ANALYTICS AND By GGK

MACHINE LEARNING
TOPICS COVERED
TBD
PROBABILITY & STATISTICS
EVENT
In probability, the set of outcomes from an experiment is known as an Event
a. Let us consider an example you conduct an experiment by tossing a coin. The
outcome of this experiment is the coin landing ‘heads’ or ‘tails’. These can be said
to be the events connected with the experiment. So when the coin lands tails, an
event can be said to have occurred.
SAMPLE SPACE
In probability theory, the sample space of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results
of that experiment. A sample space is usually denoted using set notation, and the possible ordered outcomes are
listed as elements in the set. It is common to refer to a sample space by the labels S, Ω, or U (for "universal set").
A random experiment is a phenomenon whose outcome is not predictable with certainty, but the set of all possible
outcomes is known. The set of all possible outcomes is known as the sample space of the experiment and is denoted by
Ω.
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive events when both cannot occur at the
same time.
a. Turning left and turning right are Mutually Exclusive (you can't do both at the same
time)
b. Tossing a coin: Heads and Tails are Mutually Exclusive
Note : Not Mutually exclusive events
Two events are called not mutually exclusive if they have at least one outcome in
common
Let A={2,3,5,7,11}A={2,3,5,7,11} and B={1,3,5,7,9,11}
Here A∩B={3,5,7,11}
COLLECTIVELY EXHAUSTIVE EVENTS
“Collectively exhaustive events” means the collection group of events is complete such
that no event is left out or no other event can be added to the group of events.
“collectively” means the entire collection or group of “something” should be thought
of together or as one item. “Exhaustive” means “all elements of something such that
nothing is left out, fully comprehensive, complete.”
PROBABILITY
Probability is a measure quantifying the likelihood that events will occur. Probability
quantifies as a number between 0 and 1, where, loosely speaking,0 indicates
impossibility and 1 indicates certainty.
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Simple Event
Compound Event
Certain Event
Impossible Events
Equivalent Events / Identical
Events
Equally Likely Events
Exhaustive Evets
Favorable Events
Mutually Exclusive Events
Complementary Events
Equiprobability
Conditional probability
Independent Events
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Simple or Elementary Event
 If there be only one element of the sample space in the set representing an event, then this event is
called a simple or elementary event.
 ; if we throw a die, then the sample space, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Now the event of 2 appearing on the die is simple and is given
by E = {2}.

Compound Event
 If there are more than one element of the sample space in the set representing an event, then this
event is called a compound event.
 if we throw a die, having S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, the event of a odd number being shown is given by E = {1, 3, 5}.

Certain Events
 An event which is sure to occur at every performance of an experiment is called a certain event
connected with the experiment.
 “Head or Tail’ is a certain event connected with tossing a coin
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Impossible Event
 An event which cannot occur at any performance of the experiment is called an possible event.
 ‘Seven’ in case of throwing a die.

Equivalent Events / Identical Events

 Two events are said to be equivalent or identical if one of them implies and implied by other. That is,
the occurrence of one event implies the occurrence of the other and vice versa.
 “even face” and “face-2” or “face-4” or “face-6” are two identical events.

Equally Likely Events

 When there is no reason to expect the happening of one event in preference to the other, then the
events are known equally likely events.
 when an unbiased coin is tossed the chances of getting a head or a tail are the same.
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Exhaustive Events
 All the possible outcomes of the experiments are known as exhaustive events.
 Throwing a die there are 6 exhaustive events in a trial.

Favorable Events
 The outcomes which make necessary the happening of an event in a trial are called favorable events.
 If two dice are thrown, the number of favorable events of getting a sum 5 is four, i.e., (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2) and (4, 1).

Mutually Exclusive Events

 If there be no element common between two or more events, i.e., between two or more subsets of the
sample space, then these events are called mutually exclusive events
 Throw a die “even face” and “odd face” are mutually exclusive.
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Complementary Event
 the complement of any event A is the event, i.e. the event that A does not occur

Equiprobability
 Equiprobability is a property for a collection of events that each have the same probability of
occurring
 Throwing die P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = P(4) = P(5) = P(6) = 1/6.

Conditional probability
 Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some other
event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B), and is read "the probability of A, given B". It is
defined by
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Independent Events
 When two events are said to be independent of each other, what this means is that the probability
that one event occurs in no way affects the probability of the other event occurring
 An example of two independent events is as follows; say you rolled a die and flipped a coin

Dependent Events
 When two events are said to be dependent, the probability of one event occurring influences the
likelihood of the other event.
 if you were to draw a two cards from a deck of 52 cards. If on your first draw you had an ace and you put that aside, the
probability of drawing an ace on the second draw is greatly changed because you drew an ace the first time.
FORMULA
NOTES
https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/statistics-python-tutorial-
probability-1
https://seeing-theory.brown.edu/
PDF