RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON POWER

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

NAME –AMIT KUMAR SAHOO
(REGD. NO-1601298475)

Branch: Electrical Engineering-2

Semester: 7th ; Academic Year:2019-2020

Guided by: Prof. Sibananda Mishra

GANDHI INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY

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 CONTENTS
Sl.NO. Description Slide
no.
1. ABSTARACT 3
2. INTRODUCTION 4-5
3. 6-17

4. CONCLUSION 18
5. REFERENCE 19
6. THANKYOU & ANY QUESTION 20

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 ABSTRACT
Electricity transmission and distribution systems carry electricity from suppliers to demand
sites. During transmission materials performance issues can lead to losses amounting to
about 10% of the total generated electricity. Advanced grid technologies are therefore in
development to sustain higher network efficiency, while also maintaining power quality and
security. Electricity transmission, distribution and storage systems presents a comprehensive
review of the materials, architecture and performance of electricity transmission and
distribution networks, and the application and integration of electricity storage systems. The
first part of the book reviews the fundamental issues facing electricity networks, with
chapters discussing Transmission and Distribution (T&D) infrastructure, reliability and
engineering, regulation and planning, the protection of T&D networks and the integration of
distributed energy resources to the grid. Chapters in part two review the development of
transmission and distribution system, with advanced concepts such as FACTS and HVDC, as
well as advanced materials such as superconducting material and network components. This
coverage is extended in the final section with chapters reviewing materials and applications
of electricity storage systems for use in networks, for renewable and distributed generation
plant, and in buildings and vehicles, such as batteries and other advanced electricity storage
devices. With its distinguished editor, Electricity transmission, distribution and storage
systems is an essential reference for materials and electrical engineers, energy consultants,
T&D systems designers and technology manufacturers involved in advanced transmission
and distribution

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 INTRODUCTION
•For economical generation of power large generating
stations are used. Capacities of individual generating
sets have gone up recently. Generating sets in the range
of 10 MW, 210 MW and 500 MW are being
manufactured in many countries. Generating station are
now not necessarily located at load centers.
• In fact other factors like availability of fuel and water
play more dominating role in the selection of sites for
thermal stations. Hydro stations are obviously located
only at the sites where water is available at sufficient
head.

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 •A vast network of transmission system has been
created so that power generated at one station may be
fed to grid system and may be distributed over large
areas and number of states.
•The transmission and distribution system comprises a
network of three-phase circuits with transforming and
or switching substations at the various junctions. The
parts of a transmission and distribution network maybe
grouped as given below.

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 Electric Power Transmission:

Several generating stations can be inter connected. The main advantages

are :
(i) Reduction in the number of spare plants required as one station can
assist the other at the time of emergency.
(ii) During light loads one station or some generators can be shut off,
thus affecting operational economy.

Primary Electric Power Transmission :

High voltages of the order of 66 kV 132 kV 220 kV and 400 kV are

used for transmitting power by 3 phase 3 wire overhead system. This is
supplied to substations usually at the out skirts of major distribution
center or city.

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Secondary electric power transmission:

The primary voltage is reduced to low values of the order of 3.3 kV, 11 kV or
33 kV for secondary transmission.

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 Primary electric power distribution:

The transmission lines or inner connectors terminate at large main substations

from which the power is distributed to small secondary substations scattered
throughout the load area. The voltage may range from 11 kV to 132 kV.

Secondary electric power distribution:

This consists of the low-voltage network laid along the streets, localities and
over the rural areas. From these sources connections to individual customers
are provided. The circuit used for this purpose is 3 phase 4 wire, 440 V/220 V
from which either 3 phase 440 V or single phase 220 V supply to the
consumers may be provided.

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 System layout of electric power transmission and
distribution:

From the power stations PS, emanate 3 phase feeder supplying secondary
distributions substations located at points throughout the supply area. The
normal voltages are 132 kV, 33 kV and 11 kV.

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 Advantages of AC electric power Transmission:

1. Power can be generated at high voltages as there is no commutation

problem.
2. Ac voltages can be conveniently stepped up or stepped down.
3. High voltage transmission of ac power reduces losses.

Disadvantages of AC electric power transmission:

1. Problems of inductances and capacitances exist in transmission lines

2. Due to skin effect, more copper is required.
3. Construction of AC transmission lines is more complicated as well as
costly
4. Effective resistance of ac transmission lines is increased due to skin effect.

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 COMPARISON OF AC AND DC POWER TRANSMISSION:
Advantages of DC electric power transmission:
1. It requires only two conductors.
2. There is no problem of inductance, capacitance and phase displacement
which is common in ac transmission.
3. For the same load and sending end voltage, the voltage drop in dc
transmission lines is less than that in ac transmission.
4. As there is no skin effect on conductors, therefore entire cross-section of
conductor is usefully utilized thereby affecting saving in material.
5. For the same value of voltage insulating materials on dc lines experience
less stress as compared to those on ac transmission lines.
6. A dc line has less corona loss and reduced interference with communication
circuits.

Disadvantages of DC transmission:
1. Generation of power at high dc voltages is difficult due to commutation
problems and cannot be usefully utilized at Consumer ends.
2. Step up or step-down transformation of dc voltages is not possible in
equipment like transformer.

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 CONCLUSION
• In the next 30 Years Power Demand will increase by 60 % in Industrialized
Countries, and by over 300 % in Emerging Countries. Power Generation
will be further focused on Gas and Combined Cycle Power Stations. Coal
Fired and Hydro Power Stations will remain essential Energy Sources.
Nuclear Power Stations will be built where politically acceptable.
Regenerative Generation will be only one of the additional Power Sources.
• A Breakthrough of new Generation Technologies(Fuel Cells, Hydrogen,
Fusion) in a larger Scale can not be expected in this Time Period. Power
Systems in Industrialized Countries will become heavily loaded close to the
thermal Limits of Lines and Cables. Systems will be restructured to
improve Operation and to prevent large Outages.
• HVDC and FACTS will play an important Role to achieve these Goals. In
Emerging Countries the Systems will grow very fast. New Voltage Levels
will be introduced. Hybrid systems consisting of HVDC and AC
Transmission including FACTS will come into Existence.

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 REFERENCE

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 Thank you
&
Any Question?

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