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Figure 11.1
Organization of the Nervous System
Figure 11.3a
Microglia and Ependymal Cells
Figure 11.3b, c
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells, and Satellite
Cells
Figure 11.3d, e
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
Figure 11.4b
Nerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)
Figure 11.5a-c
Nodes of Ranvier (Neurofibral Nodes)
Figure 11.16
Regions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
▪ Structural:
▪ Multipolar — three or more processes
▪ Bipolar — two processes (axon and dendrite)
▪ Unipolar — single, short process
Neuron Classification
▪ Functional:
▪ Sensory (afferent) — transmit impulses toward the
CNS
▪ Motor (efferent) — carry impulses away from the
CNS
▪ Interneurons (association neurons) — shuttle
signals through CNS pathways
Comparison of Structural Classes of Neurons
Table 11.1.1
Comparison of Structural Classes of Neurons
Table 11.1.2
Comparison of Structural Classes of Neurons
Table 11.1.3
Neurophysiology
Figure 11.17
Types of Synapses
▪ Electrical synapses:
▪ Are less common than chemical synapses
▪ Correspond to gap junctions found in other cell
types
▪ Are important in the CNS in:
▪ Arousal from sleep
▪ Mental attention
▪ Emotions and memory
▪ Ion and water homeostasis
Chemical Synapses
Figure 11.19
Termination of Neurotransmitter Effects
Figure 11.20a
Inhibitory Synapses and IPSPs
Figure 11.20b
Summation
Figure 11.21
Neurotransmitters
▪ Acetylcholine (ACh)
▪ Biogenic amines
▪ Amino acids
▪ Peptides
▪ Novel messengers: ATP and dissolved gases NO
and CO
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine
▪ Include:
▪ Catecholamines – dopamine, norepinephrine (NE),
and epinephrine
▪ Indolamines – serotonin and histamine
▪ Broadly distributed in the brain
▪ Play roles in emotional behaviors and our biological
clock
Synthesis of Catecholamines
▪ Include:
▪ GABA – Gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid
▪ Glycine
▪ Aspartate
▪ Glutamate
▪ Found only in the CNS
Neurotransmitters: Peptides
▪ Include:
▪ Substance P – mediator of pain signals
▪ Beta endorphin, dynorphin, and enkephalins
▪ Act as natural opiates, reducing our perception of
pain
▪ Bind to the same receptors as opiates and morphine
▪ Gut-brain peptides – somatostatin, and
cholecystokinin
Neurotransmitters: Novel Messengers
▪ ATP
▪ Is found in both the CNS and PNS
▪ Produces excitatory or inhibitory responses
depending on receptor type
▪ Induces Ca2+ wave propagation in astrocytes
▪ Provokes pain sensation
Neurotransmitters: Novel Messengers
Figure 11.23a
G Protein-Linked Receptors
Figure 11.23b
G Protein-Linked Receptors: Effects
Figure 11.24
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools
Figure 11.25a, b
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools
▪ Convergent –
opposite of
divergent
circuits, resulting
in either strong
stimulation or
inhibition
Figure 11.25c, d
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools
Figure 11.25e
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools
Figure 11.25f
Patterns of Neural Processing
▪ Serial Processing
▪ Input travels along one pathway to a specific
destination
▪ Works in an all-or-none manner
▪ Example: spinal reflexes
Patterns of Neural Processing
▪ Parallel Processing
▪ Input travels along several pathways
▪ Pathways are integrated in different CNS systems
▪ One stimulus promotes numerous responses
▪ Example: a smell may remind one of the odor and
associated experiences
Development of Neurons
▪ Guided by:
▪ Scaffold laid down by older neurons
▪ Orienting glial fibers
▪ Release of nerve growth factor by astrocytes
▪ Neurotropins released by other neurons
▪ Repulsion guiding molecules
▪ Attractants released by target cells
N-CAMs
Table 13.1.1
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Table 13.1.2
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Table 13.1.3
Simple Receptors: Encapsulated
Table 13.1.4
From Sensation to Perception
Figure 13.5a
Summary of Function of Cranial Nerves
Figure 13.5b
Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory
▪ Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via
the superior orbital fissure
▪ Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral
rectus muscle
▪ Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via
the hypoglossal canal
▪ Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the
tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
Spinal cord
(in cross-section)
Stimulus
2 Sensory neuron 3 Integration
1 Receptor center
4 Motor neuron
5 Effector Interneuron
Skin
Figure 13.14
Stretch and Deep Tendon Reflexes
Figure 13.17
Golgi Tendon Reflex
Figure 13.18
Flexor and Crossed Extensor Reflexes
Figure 13.19
Superficial Reflexes