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Energy Conservation (Bernoulli'S Equation) : GDZ VDV DP
Energy Conservation (Bernoulli'S Equation) : GDZ VDV DP
dp
Recall Euler’s equation: VdV gdz 0
Also recall that viscous forces were neglected, i.e. flow is invisicd
If one integrates Euler’s eqn. along a streamline, between two points , &
2 dp 2 2
We get :
1
VdV gdz 0
1 1
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
gz1 gz2 Constant
2 2
Due to the fluid pressure, the fluid element moves a distance Dx within
time Dt. Hence, the work done per unit time DW/Dt (flow power) is:
DW pADx p Dx p
A AV ,
Dt Dt Dt
p 1 DW Flow work or Power
AV Dt
Flow work per unit mass
1/mass flow rate
p
pv Flow work is often also referred to as flow energy
Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont)
Very Important: Bernoulli’s equation is only valid for :
incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline, no energy loss due
to friction, no heat transfer.
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
z1 z2 , where g (energy per unit weigh t)
2g 2g
Application of Bernoulli’s equation - Example 1:
Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux from the circular
hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the water tank (at this instant). The
tank is open to the atmosphere and H=4 m
p1 = p2, V1=0
1
V2 2 g ( z1 z2 ) 2 gH
H
2 * 9.8 * 4 8.85 (m / s)
m AV 1000 * (0.1) 2 (8.85)
4
2 69.5 (kg / s)
Bernoulli’s Eqn/Energy Conservation (cont.)
Example 2: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, estimate the time
required to drain the tank to level 2.
1 First, choose the control volume as enclosed
by the dotted line. Specify h=h(t) as the water
h(t) level as a function of time.
From Bernoulli' s equation, V = 2gh
dm
From mass conservation, AholeV
dt
2
dh Ahole (0.1)2
4
4
since m Atan k h, V 2 2 gh
dt Atan k 1
3
water height (m)
dh dh
h( t ) 2
0.0443 h , 0.0443dt, integrate
dt h
h(t) =0 H 0.0215t, h 0, tdrain 93 sec.
2 h - 0.0443t
1
2.5e-007 4
0
0
0
20 40
t
60 80 100
100
t 90.3 sec
time (sec.)
Energy exchange (conservation) in a thermal system
Energy added, hA
(ex. pump, compressor)
2
p1 V1
2 p2 V2
z1 z2
2g 2g
pump turbine
[ p ( p dp)](R 2 ) w (2R)dx,
w Pressure force balances frictional force
2
p P+dp dp w dx, integrate from 1 to 2
R
Dp p1 p2 F I F IF I
44w w L L L LV 2 V
2
Darcy’s Equation:
hhLL
HK HKG HJ
f f
K
gg D D D D2 g 2 g
f f VV22 where f is defined as frictional factor characterizing
ww FIF
G I
HKH J
K
44 22 pressure loss due to pipe wall shear stress
When the pipe flow is laminar, it can be shown (not here) that
64 VD
f , by recognizing that Re , as Reynolds number
VD
64
Therefore, f , frictional factor is a function of the Reynolds number
Re
Similarly, for a turbulent flow, f = function of Reynolds number also
f F(Re). Another parameter that influences the friction is the surface
roughness as relativeto the pipe diameter .
D
F I
Such that ff FF Re,
Re, : Pipe frictional factor is a function of pipe Reynolds
H DDK
number and the relative roughness of pipe.
This relation is sketched in the Moody diagram as shown in the following page.
The diagram shows f as a function of the Reynolds number (Re), with a series of
FI.
parametric curves related to the relative roughness
HDDK
Losses in Pipe Flows
Major Losses: due to friction, significant head loss is associated with the straight
portions of pipe flows. This loss can be calculated using the Moody chart or
F IJ
Colebrook equation. 1 2.0 log D 2.51 , valid for nonlaminar range
G
f H3.7 Re fK
Minor Losses: Additional components (valves, bends, tees, contractions, etc) in
pipe flows also contribute to the total head loss of the system. Their contributions
are generally termed minor losses.
The head losses and pressure drops can be characterized by using the loss coefficient,
KL, which is defined as hL Dp
K
L 2
1 V 2
, so that Dp K V
1 2
L 2
V / 2g 2
One of the example of minor losses is the entrance flow loss. A typical flow pattern
for flow entering a sharp-edged entrance is shown in the following page. A vena
contracta region is formed at the inlet because the fluid can not turn a sharp corner.
Flow separation and associated viscous effects will tend to decrease the flow energy;
the phenomenon is fairly complicated. To simplify the analysis, a head loss and the
associated loss coefficient are used in the extended Bernoulli’s equation to take into
consideration this effect as described in the next page.
Minor Loss through flow entrance
V
1
V2 V
3
V 2
p gz
2
(1/2)V22 (1/2)V3
2
KL(1/2)V3
2 pp
2
p1
V1 p3 V32 V32
Extended Bernoulli' s Equation : z1 hL z3 , hL K L
2g 2g 2g
2
p1 p3 p , V1 0, V3 1 ( 2 g ( z1 z3 ) gh
1 KL 1 KL
Energy Conservation (cont.)
Let us now also account for energy transfer via Heat Transfer, e.g. in
a heat exchanger
The most general form of conservation of energy for a system can be
written as: dE = dQ-dW where (Ch. 3, YAC)
dQ = Heat transfer into the system (via conduction, convection & radiation)
Convention: dQ > 0 net heat transfer into the system (Symbols Q,q..)
dW > 0, positive work done by the system
Energy flow rate: m(u +
V2 pp
gz ) plus Flow work rate m
F
G I
J
2 H
K
p V2 p V2
Flow energy in m in (u gz )in , Energy out = m out (u gz )out
2 2
The difference between energy in and out is due to heat transfer (into or out)
and work done (by or on) the system.
Energy Conservation (cont.)
Hence, a system exchanges energy with the environment due to:
1) Flow in/out 2) Heat Transfer, Q and 3) Work, W
This energy exchange is governed by the First Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy ?