Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Human Chromosomes
-Humans have 46 chromosomes
in their cells.
Karyotype – a picture of
chromosomes arranged/grouped
in order in pairs.
Sex-chromosomes vs. Autosomes
*Two of our 46 chromosomes are known as
sex chromosomes, because they determine a person’s sex.
-Females have two copies of a large X chromosome (XX)
& males have one X & one Y chromosome (XY).
-Females can only pass on an X to a child & males pass
on either X or Y, determining the sex of a baby.
-All human egg cells contain an X chromosome, while ½
of the sperm cells carry X’s & ½ carry Y’s.
-The remaining 44 chromosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
are known as autosomal chromosomes or autosomes.
-The total # of chromosomes in human cells (autosomes
& sex chromosomes) is represented as : 46,XX for females
& 46,XY for males.
Chromosomes 21 & 22
-The smallest of human
autosomes, chromosomes 21 & 22,
were the first to be studied.
-Genetic disorders on chromosome
22 are responsible for one form of
leukemia (cancer of the blood) &
neurofibromatosis, a tumor
causing disease of the nervous
system.
-Genetic disorders on chromosome
21 include amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s
disease.
B. Sex-linked Genes & Disorders
4. Albinism – genetic
disorder in which
individuals have no skin,
hair, or eye pigment.
*Occurs in ALL races.
Types of Recessive disorders :
5. Galactosemia – genetic
disorder in which
galactose (a sugar)
accumulates in tissues.
3. Hypercholesterolemia –
genetic disease in which a
person has excess
cholesterol in the blood.
1. Down Syndrome
chromosomal disorder that
results from an extra copy of
chromosome number 21.
An affected person has three
number 21 chromosomes in each
cell.
Result : Mental retardation &
Physical abnormalities.
*Down Syndrome is also called
Trisomy 21, Trisomy meaning
“three bodies” or three copies.
Types of Chromosomal Disorders :
2. Turner’s syndrome – sex chromosome disorder in which females
have underdeveloped sexual characteristics.
*It is caused by the presence of only 1 sex chromosome (Monosomy),
an X, in the cells.
Allele pair = XO due to a mutation in sex cells (germ mutation).
Result : Affected females are sterile and their sex organs DON’T
develop at puberty.
Types of Chromosomal Disorders :
3. Klinefelter’s syndrome – sex chromosome disorder in which males
have underdeveloped sex organs.
*It is caused by having two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome
in each cell. Allele pair = XXY.
Result : The extra X chromosome interferes with Meiosis & usually
keeps them from reproducing.