Slide 1

AN OVERVIEW
OF THE CELL
General Biology 1 (BIO01) | Course Outcome 1
1st Quarter, 1st Semester SY 2022 - 2023

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• To discuss the cell theory
• To compare and contrast the organization of
eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
• To identify the different parts of the endomembrane
system
• To describe the structure and compare the function of
mitochondria and chloroplast
• To describe the function of cytoskeleton
• To compare and contrast animal cells and plant cells

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 BIOLOGICAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Caroline Biological Supply Company. (n.d.). Infographic: The Hierarchy of Life. Pinterest. Retrieved June 6, 2022, from https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/200199145914019142/.

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 CELLS
ROBERT HOOKE
• first to observe cells in a cork
• cellulae (Latin, “small rooms”)

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

• first to observe living cells
• animalcules (“little animals”)
Micrographia (1665). Robert Hooke’s drawings.
Britannica. Retrieved June 6, 2022, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Micrographia
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 CELL THEORY
MATHIAS SCHLEIDEN
• All plants “are aggregates of fully Mathias Schleiden. Cell Theory (n.d.).
Retrieved June 6, 2022, from

individualized, independent, separate https://cellltheory.weebly.com/matthias-

schleiden.html

beings, namely the cells themselves.”

THEODOR SCHWANN Theodor Schwann (n.d.). Retrieved June

• All animal tissues consist of

6, 2022, from
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theod
or_Schwann
individual cells.
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 CELL THEORY
unifying foundation of cell biology
THREE PRINCIPLES
• All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life
processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.
• Cells are the smallest living things, the basic unit of
organization of all organisms.
• Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

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 Slide 7

Subcellular Structures and

Organelles

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BASIC STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES

Nucleoid
Plasma
or Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Membrane
Nucleus

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GENETIC MATERIAL
• Every cell contains DNA as genetic material.
• DNA contains genes.

PROKARYOTES
• contain single circular molecule of DNA found near the center of the cell called the nucleoid

EUKARYOTES
• contain DNA organized into linear chromosomes segregated into a nucleus that is
surrounded by a nuclear envelope

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 PROKARYOTES vs EUKARYOTES

Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a prokaryotic cell. Biology Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of an animal cell. Biology 13 th
Pics/Science Source, Biology 13th Edition Edition
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CYTOPLASM
• semifluid matrix that fills the inside of a cell
• contains sugars, amino acids, and proteins the cell needs to carry out
daily activities
• cytosol – fluid part
• membrane-bound organelles – compartmentalization in eukaryotes

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RIBOSOME
• composed of RNA and proteins that synthesize all cellular proteins

PLASMA MEMBRANE
• encloses a cell and separates its contents from its surroundings
• regulates transport of materials into and out of the cell
• cell recognition, connection and adhesion, cell communication
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PLASMA MEMBRANE

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PROKARYOTIC vs EUKARYOTIC
CELLS CELLS

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 PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• small, simple cells
• lack nucleus
• lack membrane-bound organelles
• cell wall – provides support and
protection
• capsule – outer gelatinous covering
• pili – cell attachment to surfaces
and other cells
• flagellum - motility Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a prokaryotic cell. Biology
Pics/Science Source, Biology 13th Edition
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 EUKARYOTIC • compartmentalization
- endomembrane system
CELLS - membrane-bound organelles

Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of an animal cell. Biology 13 th Edition Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a plant cell. Biology 13 th Edition
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 PLANT
CELL

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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a plant cell. Biology 13 th Edition
 ANIMA
L CELL

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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of an animal cell. Biology 13 th Edition
 NUCLEUS
• largest organelle within a eukaryotic
cell
• roughly spherical
• typically located in the central
region of a cell
• first described by Robert Brown
• contains the genetic information

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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The nucleus. Biology 13 th Edition shs.mapua.edu.ph
 NUCLEUS
nucleolus
• site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

nuclear envelope
• two phospholipid bilayer membranes

nuclear pores
• regulate the passage of molecules
between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The nucleus. Biology 13 th Edition shs.mapua.edu.ph
 RIBOSOME
• cell’s protein synthesis
machinery
• composed of two
subunits made of RNA
and proteins:
- large subunit
- small subunit
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. A ribosome. Biology 13 th Edition

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 RIBOSOME
Free Ribosomes
• floating in the cytoplasm
• synthesize proteins found in the
cytoplasm

Membrane-associated
Ribosomes
• synthesize proteins found in the
endomembrane system and
proteins destined for export Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. A ribosome. Biology 13 th Edition

from the cell

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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
• series of membrane throughout the cytoplasm
• divides the eukaryotic cell into compartments
 site of different cellular functions
 channels the passage of molecules through the cell interior
 provides surfaces for the synthesis of lipids and some proteins

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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• largest internal membrane
• composed of phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
• characterized by cisternae

TYPES
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
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 ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• ribosomes attached to its surface
• site of synthesizing proteins meant for export
(from cell to lysosome or vacuole, embedded
in the plasma membrane)
• glycosylation – modification of synthesized
proteins by addition of short-chain
carbohydrates
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The endoplasmic reticulum. Biology 13 th Edition
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 SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• lack bound ribosomes
• synthesis of lipids (e.g. steroid hormones,
membrane lipids)
• stores intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+)
• detoxification of organic molecules

Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The endoplasmic reticulum. Biology 13 th Edition
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
GOLGI APPARATUS
• characterized by cisternae
• functions in the collection, packaging,
and distribution of molecules synthesized
at one location and used at another
within the cell or even outside of it
• modification of proteins and lipids
• synthesis of cell wall components
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The golgi apparatus. Biology 13 th Edition
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 GOLGI
APPARATUS
cis face
• receiving side
• located near the ER
• materials arrive in transport vesicles

trans face
• exit of materials from golgi apparatus
in secretory vesicles
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The golgi apparatus. Biology 13 th Edition
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Protein Transport through
Endomembrane System
Proteins and lipids manufactured on the RER and
SER are transported into the Golgi apparatus and
modified as they pass through it.

EXAMPLE
• addition of short sugar chains, forming
glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Protein transport through Endomembrane System. Biology 13 th Edition
Answer the following: 15mins

1) What features do bacteria and archaea share?

2) Give at least one difference between Bacteria and Archaebacteria.
2) What makes eukaryotic cells distinct from prokaryotic cells?

Gform: https://forms.gle/7QpkZd4FTMDFkphV6

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 31

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 ENDOMEMBRAN
E SYSTEM
LYSOSOME
• digestive vesicles
• contains high levels of enzymes (acid
hydrolases) that degrade biological
macromolecules break down old organelles
and recycle their component molecules

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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Lysosomes. Biology 13 th Edition

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
PEROXISOME
• contains enzymes used to oxidize fatty
acids
• hydrogen peroxide – by-product of the
activities of oxidative enzymes
• catalase – decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen

Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. A peroxisome. Biology 13 th Edition

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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
VACUOLE
• specialized membrane-bounded structures
found in plant cells
• helps maintain tonicity and osmotic balance
in plant cells
• storage of useful molecules (sugars, ions,
pigments)
• breakdown of macromolecules
• detoxification of foreign substances
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The central vacuole. Biology 13 th Edition
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 CELLULAR GENERATORS
MITOCHONDRIA AND
CHLOROPLASTS
• surrounded by a double
membrane
• contains their own DNA and
protein synthesis machinery Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T.
Mitochondria. Biology 13th Edition

• involved in energy metabolism

Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T.
Chloroplast structure. Biology 13th Edition

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MITOCHONDRI
A
• two membranes:
 outer membrane (smooth)
 inner membrane (folded)
 cristae – numerous
contiguous layers

• cristae divides the

mitochondrion into matrix
and intermembrane space Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Mitochondria. Biology 13 th Edition

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MITOCHONDRI
A
• site of ATP synthesis
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
• converts chemical energy stored
in chemical bonds of
macromolecules into a form
that is more useful and readily
used by cells
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Mitochondria. Biology 13 th Edition

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CHLOROPLAST

• found in plant cells but not in

animal cells
• chlorophyll – photosynthetic
pigment responsible for the
green color of plants
• two membranes
 outer membrane
 inner membrane
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Chloroplast structure. Biology 13 th Edition
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CHLOROPLAST

• thylakoids – disk-shaped
structures; contains light-
capturing photosynthetic
pigments
• grana – stacks of thylakoids
• stroma – fluid matrix; contains
enzymes used to synthesize
glucose
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Chloroplast structure. Biology 13 th Edition
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CYTOSKELETO
N
• a network of protein fibers that supports the
shape of the cell and anchors organelles to
fixed locations

TYPES OF FIBERS COMPOSING THE

CYTOSKELETON
1. Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)
2. Microtubules
3. Intermediate Filaments
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Molecules that make up the cytoskeleton. Biology 13 th Edition
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CYTOSKELETO
N
Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)
• responsible for cellular movements (e.g. contraction,
crawling, formation of cellular extensions)

Microtubules
• organize the cytoplasm; responsible for moving materials
within the cell itself

Intermediate Filaments
• provide structural stability
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Molecules that make up the cytoskeleton. Biology 13 th Edition
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 CENTRIOLE
• found in animal cells but not
in plant cells
• occur in pairs
• centrosome – region
surrounding the pair
• help organize microtubules
• each centriole is composed of
nine (9) triplets of
microtubules. Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Centrioles. Biology 13 th Edition

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 43

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 EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES
• FLAGELLA AND CILIA– aid movement
• PLANT CELL WALLS – provide protection and support; protective
layer made of carbohydrate polymers
 Primary Cell Wall – provides flexibility and allow the cell to
increase in size; mainly made of cellulose, hemicellulose,
glycans, and pectin
 Secondary Cell Wall – formed between the primary cell wall
and the plasma membrane
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PLANT CELL WALLS

Brooker, R. et al. Structure of Plant Cell Walls. Biology 5 th Edition

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 EXTRACELLULAR
STRUCTURES
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX –
collagen fibers and elastin fibers embedded
within a complex web of glycoproteins that
form a protective layer over the cell surface
 provides animal cells strength to
prevent tearing
 structural support in cells that
participate in movements
 serves as a scaffold where cells can
properly organize/arrange themselves
 cell signaling
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The extracellular matrix. Biology 13 th Edition
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 48

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REVIEW

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Identify the different
subcellular
structures/organelles in a
eukaryotic cell and
determine the function of
each.

Brooker, R. et al. Biology 5th Edition

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Determine the different
parts of a prokaryotic cell
and determine the function
of each.

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the following is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?

a. mitochondria
b. golgi apparatus
c. centrioles
d. DNA

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the following are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

a. mitochondria and chloroplast

b. chloroplast and cell wall
c. mitochondria and cell wall
d. cell wall and ribosomes

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the following is found in prokaryotic cells but not in animal
cells?

a. plasma membrane
b. capsule
c. ribosomes
d. cytoplasm

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 Slide 55

Cell-to-Cell Interactions

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 CELL-TO-CELL INTERACTIONS
Surface proteins give cells identity.
• Cells make contact, “read” each other, and react.
• Glycolipids – most tissue-specific cell surface markers.
• MHC proteins – major histocompatibility complex; recognition of
“self” and “non-self” cells by the immune system

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 CELL CONNECTIONS
ADHESIVE JUNCTIONS
• mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells or cells to the E CM

SEPTATE/TIGHT JUNCTIONS
• connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet – no leakage.

COMMUNICATING JUNCTIONS
• chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to an adjacent one (gap
junction, plasmodesmata).
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 CELL
CONNECTIONS

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End of Presentation

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 REFERENCES
 Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan, T. D. (2023). Biology, Thirteenth edition,
McGraw-Hill LCC

 Brooker, R. J., Widmaier, E. P., Graham, L. E., Stiling, P. D. (2021). Principles

of Biology, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill Education 

 Biology: The Dynamic Science, 4th ed by Russell, Hertz, & McMillan (2017)

 World of the Cell, 8th Ed by Becker, Hardin, Kleinsmith, & Bertoni (2012)
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