Agricultural and Biosystems

Engineering Board Exam

Engr. Christian John C. Bautista

Lecturer
AREA 1
Farm Mechanization
Levels of Agricultural Mechanization

• Hand tool technology

• Draft animal technology
• Mechanical power technology
Potential Benefits of Mechanization
• Increased cropping intensity and production
• Increased productivity of labor
• Full utilization of farm products and by
products
• Reduction of losses
• Increased value added to farm products
• Employment and livelihood generation
• Import substitution
• Export possibilities
Motors and Engines

Motors
convert electrical energy into mechanical

Engines
convert heat energy of fuel into mechanical
Motors and Engines

Motors

Engines
Cycle of an Engine

1. Intake- air-fuel mixture enters

2. Compression- compressed in the
chamber
3. Power- expansion of the burning
mixture
4. Exhaust- burned gases are removed
Cycle of an Engine

1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust
Based on the number of stroke

1. Four-stroke-cycle engine
2. Two-stroke-cycle engine
Based on the manner of igniting the
fuel
a. Spark-ignition engine
b. Compression-ignition engine
Tractors
Two wheel tractor – 3hp to 15hp
1. Traction type
2. Rotary type
3. General purpose type

Four wheel tractor- 15hp to 100hp

Power transmission device
• Belts and pulleys
• Chains and sprocket
• Gears
• Shafts
• Keys and keyways
• Bearings
V-belts and pulleys – used to transmit
motion and power between two shaft

Chain and sprocket- used to transmit high

torque and low speed without slippage

Spur gears- transmitting motion through

their teeth

Shaft- rotating member, transmit power

and motion
Tillage machinery

Tillage- physical soil manipulation

1. primary- initial cutting, inversion
2. secondary- subsequent breaking
3. general purpose- combination
Tillage machinery

Tillage
1. primary
2. secondary
3. general purpose
• Land- unplowed soil
• Furrow slice- soil cut
• Furrow- canal left
• Back furrow- raised ridge
• Dead furrow- trench left
• Furrow wall- unbroken side
• Land
• Furrow slice
• Furrow
• Back furrow
• Dead furrow
• Furrow wall
Primary tillage machinery

1. Moldboard plow- oldest and most

important for land preparation
a. share- cutting edge
b. moldboard- receives the dlice
c. landside- counteracts the pressure
2. Disc plow- reduce friction using
rotating disc plow bottom
a. disc- concave disc
b. scraper- scrape off the soil
c. rear furrow wheel
Secondary tillage machinery
1. Disc harrow- cutting the soil (7 to 15 cm)
a. singe action- two gangs, end to end
b. double action- four gangs, front-rear
c. offset- two gangs, behind the other
2. Spike tooth harrow- consist of long rigid
spikes
3. Spring tooth harrow- curved teeth, spring
steel
Secondary tillage machinery
1. Disc harrow
a. singe action
b. double action
c. offset
2. Spike tooth harrow
3. Spring tooth harrow
 Planting machine
1. Row- crop planters- plant in rows
a. row-crop hill –spacing greater than
36 cm
b. hill-drop- in rows and in hills
• Checkrow- row equal to hills pacing
• Precision- one seed in rows and in hills
 Planting machine
2. Solid planters- do not allow entry of
machinery
a. solid drill- less than 36 cm
b. broadcaster- scatter seeds uniformly
Crop Protection Machinery
1. Cultural- modification of cultural practice
2. Ecological- change the environment
3. Biological- introduction of insects
4. Physiological- pest resistant varieties
5. Chemical- application of chemical
6. Flame- use of flame
7. Mechanical- use of tools, implement
Crop Protection Machinery
1. Cultural-
2. Ecological
3. Biological
4. Physiological
5. Chemical
6. Flame
7. Mechanical
Crop Protection Machinery
By design
• Blade type- with cutting edges
• Tine type- sharply pointed
• Rotary type- rotates when pushed
forward

By power source
• Manual weeder
• Animal-drawn
• Tractor-drawn
• Power weeder
By design
• Blade type
• Tine type
• Rotary type

By power source
• Manual weeder
• Animal-drawn
• Tractor-drawn
• Power weeder
By design
•
•
•

By power source
•
•
•
•
 Water Pumping Machinery
A. Positive Displacement pump- discharge
same volume
1. Reciprocating pump- to and fro motion
a. lift pump- piston
b. force pump- plunger
 Water Pumping Machinery
B. Variable displacement pump- inverse
relationship between discharge rate and
pressure head
a. centrifugal- impeller inside involute casing
b. propeller-
Farm Economics
• Fixed costs- unaffected by changes
• Variable costs- associated with the operation
• Direct costs- reasonably measured
• Indirect costs- difficult to attribute
• Sunk costs- occurred in the past, no
relevance
• Opportunity costs- best rejected, hidden
• Fixed costs
• Variable costs
• Direct costs
• Indirect costs
• Sunk costs
• Opportunity costs
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Depreciation- decrease in value
• Market value- paid by a willing buyer
• Salvage value- after it has been used
• Book value- shown om accounting records
• Amortization- equal installments
• Useful life- time in productive use
• Depreciation
• Market value
• Salvage value
• Book value
• Amortization
• Useful life
•
•
•
•
•
•
 Types of Taxes

1. Income taxes- gross revenues

2. Property taxes- value of real state
3. Sales taxes- basis of purchases of good/services
4. Excise taxes- sale of certain good/services
 Types of Taxes

1. Income taxes
2. Property taxes
3. Sales taxes
4. Excise taxes
 Types of Taxes

1.
2.
3.
4.
Farm Management
 Management
process of setting and achieving
goals

Managers
responsible for helping the
organization achieve their goals
Management

Managers
Characteristics of a Manager

1. Assumes responsibility
2. Must balance competing goals
3. Conceptual thinker
4. Works with and through people
5. Mediator
6. Politician
7. Diplomat
8. Makes difficult decision
Process of management

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Controlling
6. Leading
Classification of farm jobs

1. Fieldwork- clear weather

2. Outside work that can be delayed
3. Work for rainy days
Agricultural Marketing
Marketing
the process of exchanging ideas,
goods and services that satisfy the
principles of pricing, promotion and
distribution.
• Needs- discrepancies between actual and
desired
• Wants- fulfillment of general needs
• Utilities- ability to satisfy needs
• Form- transforming new materials
• Time- when customer wants them
• Place- where customers want them
• Possession- owning the product
• Needs
• Wants
• Utilities
• Form
• Time
• Place
• Possession
Monopoly- one marketer controls the
supply
Oligopoly- small number of marketers
control the market
Monopolistic competition- many
marketers compete to sell similar
product
Pure competition- many marketers
compete to sell undifferentiated product
Monopoly

Oligopoly

Monopolistic competition

Pure competition
• Distributors- wholesaler and retailers
• Dealers- sell only to final distributor
• Value-added reseller- buy from producer
and resell
• Merchants- take physical possession
• Functional intermediaries- do not
assume ownership
• Facilitating agents- assist the flow of
products
• Distributors
• Dealers
• Value-added reseller
• Merchants
• Functional intermediaries
• Facilitating agents
Engineering Shop
Classification of Tools
1. Layout tools
2. Cutting tools
3. Boring tools
4. Driving tools
5. Holding tools
6. Turning tools
7. Digging tools
Portable power tools- derived from an
electric motor

a. Portable power drills

b. Portable sanders
c. Portable saws
d. Portable routers
Wood Working Power Machine
1. Band saw- continuous blade or band

2. Jig saw- for sawing curves

3. Table saw- circular blade

4. Radial arm saw- blade could be raised or

lowered
5. Cut off saw- may be adjusted for angle cuts

6. Jointer- with rotating knives

7. Planers- dress to a uniform thickness

8. Sanders- material to be finish

Metal Working Power Machine
1. Drill press- make holes
2. Grinder- removes metals by abrasive
action
3. Metal cutting power saw
4. Power shears- two movable blades
5. Metal benders
Wood and woodwork materials

• Plywood- consists of panels made by

gluing layers of wood together
• Hardboard- made by exploding wood
chips into fiber
• Particleboard- composition board made
from chips.
Wood and woodwork materials

• Plywood

• Hardboard

• Particleboard
Fasteners- for securing joining separate
parts
• Temporary- screw, nuts and bolts
• Semi-permanent- nails
• Permanent- rivets
Fasteners- for securing joining separate
parts
• Temporary
• Semi-permanent
• Permanent
AREA 2
Farm Irrigation and
Drainage
• Soil texture- proportion of particles in soil
• Soil structure- arrangement of particles
• Porosity- ratio of void volume to total soil
volume
• Moisture contents
• Dry weight basis- weight of water to weight
of soil
• Volume basis – volume of water to the total
volume of soil
• Soil texture
• Soil structure
• Porosity

• Moisture contents
• Dry weight basis
• Volume basis
• Density
• Bulk density- dry weight of soil to the
total soil volume
• Particle density- dry weight of soil to
the volume of the soil particles

• Specific gravities
• Apparent specific gravity- bulk density
of the soil with the density of water
• Real specific gravity- particle density of
the soil with the density of water
• Density
• Bulk density
• Particle density

• Specific gravities
• Apparent specific gravity
• Real specific gravity
Soil Moisture Constants

1. Saturation point- pore spaces are filled

up
2. Field capacity- after gravitational water
is removed
3. Permanent wilting point- when plants
permanently wilt
4. Available moisture- FC minus PWP
5. Readily available moisture- easily
extracted by plants
Soil Moisture Constants

1. Saturation point
2. Field capacity
3. Permanent wilting point
4. Available moisture
5. Readily available moisture
Irrigation Efficiencies

1. Water Conveyance Efficiency

2. Water Application Efficiency
3. Water-use Efficiency
4. Water Storage Efficiency
5. Consumptive Use Efficiency
Modes of Irrigation

1. National Irrigation Systems (NIS)

2. Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS)
3. Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Systems (STW)
Methods of Irrigation

1. By overhead irrigation, same way as rain

Watering can- small-scale upland farming
Hose pipe
Sprinkler Irrigation- form of spray,
2. Furrows, wets only a part
Furrow irrigation. by running water through
furrows
Corrugation irrigation. uses small rills or
corrugations
3. By flooding, wets the entire land
surface
Ordinary flooding- applied from field
ditches to guide its flow
Border-strip flooding- divided into a
series of strips by borders or ridges
Level-border or basin irrigation-
supplied to level plots surrounded by
dikes or levees.
Contour-ditch irrigation- controlled
flooding from field ditches along the
contour of the land
4. By drip or trickle irrigation wherein
the water is directed to the base of the
plant.
5. by sub-irrigation, water is supplied
from the soil underneath
Layout of a Tile-Drain System or Closed
Drains

• Natural System- only in small valleys.

• Gridiron Layout- laterals enter the
submain from one side only
• Herringbone Pattern- laterals join the
submain from each side alternately
Layout of a Tile-Drain System or Closed
Drains

• Natural System
• Gridiron Layout
• Herringbone Pattern
Layout of a Tile-Drain System or Closed
Drains
• Double-main System- used if the bottom
of the depression is wide.
• Intercepting Drain- used if the main
source of excess water is drainage from hill
lands.
• Arrangement to avoid trees- adopted to
minimize the exposure of the laterals to
the hazard posed by root of trees
Soil and Water
Conservation Engineering
Important Processes in the
Hydrologic Cycle
1. Evaporation
2. Transpiration
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Infiltration
6. Percolation
7. Surface Runoff
8. Interflow
9. Groundwater flow
Types of Precipitation

1. Convective Precipitation – caused by

the rising of warmer
2. Orographic Precipitation – results
from mechanical lifting of the air mass
over mountain barriers.
3. Cyclonic Precipitation – associated
with the movement of air masses from
high-pressure to low-pressure regions.
Types of Precipitation

1. Convective Precipitation

2. Orographic Precipitation

3. Cyclonic Precipitation
Spatial Distribution
1. Arithmetic mean– averaging
arithmetically all the rainfall depths
2. Thiessen polygon– location of the rain
gauges are plotted on the map
3. Isohyetal– station locations and
amounts of rainfall and contours of
equal precipitation (isohyets)
4. Grid-Point Method– computer aided
method
5. Inverse Distance Ratio Method– for
rolling areas and non-uniform
distribution of gages
Spatial Distribution
1. Arithmetic mean

2. Thiessen polygon

3. Isohyetal

4. Grid-Point Method

5. Inverse Distance Ratio Method

Hydrologic Processes

• Deterministic Process – one in which a

definite law of certainty exists
• Probabilistic Process – governed by
chance; time series INDEPENDENT
• Stochastic Process – governed by chance;
time dependent
Hydrologic Processes

• Deterministic Process

• Probabilistic Process

• Stochastic Process
Important Properties of Runoff

1. Peak Flow (qp)– magnitude of floods

2. Time to Peak (tp)– used for flood
forecasting
3. Runoff Volume (V)– total water yield from
a storm
4. Recession Time (tr)– duration of flooding
5. Base time (tb)– total of time to peak and
recession time; (tb) = (tp) + (tr)
6. Base flow– low flow, dependable flow,
 Hydrograph Analysis

graphical representation of the

instantaneous runoff rate against time
Runoff Hydrograph Development

• Basic Hydrograph- plotted over 100

arbitrary units of flow and 100 arbitrary
units of time
• Triangular Hydrograph- approximation of
the basic hydrograph
• Unit Hydrograph - with a unit volume (e.g.
1cm) of direct runoff for a given storm
duration
• Synthetic Hydrograph- dimensionless
hydrograph is made from natural or unit
hydrographs
Runoff Hydrograph Development

• Basic Hydrograph

• Triangular Hydrograph

• Unit Hydrograph

• Synthetic Hydrograph
Types of soil erosion:

Water erosion
• Splash / Raindrop Erosion– caused by
raindrop
• Sheet erosion- a thin film of soil layer
detached
• Interrill erosion- combination and splash
and sheet erosion
Types of soil erosion:

Water erosion
• Splash / Raindrop Erosion

• Sheet erosion

• Interrill erosion
Types of soil erosion:

Water erosion
•

•
• Rill erosion- finger-like rills appear on the
soil surface.
• Gully erosion- advanced stage of rill
erosion
• Stream bank erosion- erosion of stream
banks
• Coastal erosion- erosion caused by wave
action
• Rill erosion

• Gully erosion

• Stream bank erosion

• Coastal erosion
Wind erosion – caused by high velocity
winds moving over barren land surfaces.
Slip erosion – land slides and slips due to
saturation of steep hills and slopes.
Engineering Measure

• Terracing – construction of earth

embankment or ridge and channel across
the slope
• Grassed Waterways –construction of
canals and planting it with grasses
• Check dams or weirs –to control the
velocity of flowing water
• Farm Ponds / Water Impounding Dams –
temporary detainment of water in farm
pond
• Diversion Canal –given a slight gradient to
cause water to flow to a suitable and stable
outlet.
• Gabions –stones in this case are placed on
rectangular wire mesh, piled-up as blocks
• Riprap – concrete structure made of stones
to prevent landslide or gully erosion
• Stone wall – made of stones carefully and
properly piled-up and arranged
Types of Terraces

• Bench- used for 25-30% slopes

• Zingg or Conservation bench terrace-
used for 9-24% slope
Types of Terraces

• Bench
• Zingg or Conservation bench terrace
Types of Flow

• Steady Flow – discharge is constant with

respect to time
• Unsteady Flow – discharge is not constant
with respect to time
• Uniform Flow - depth of flow is the same
at every section of the prismatic channel
Types of Flow

• Steady Flow

• Unsteady Flow

• Uniform Flow
• Varied Flow - depth changes along the
length of channel
• Rapidly Varied Flow - if the depth
changes abruptly over a comparatively
short distance such as in a hydraulic jump
• Gradually Varied Flow - if the depth
changes smoothly over a distance
• Varied Flow

• Rapidly Varied Flow

• Gradually Varied Flow

• Subcritical Flow -- Fr < 1
• Critical Flow -- Fr = 1
• Supercritical Flow -- Fr > 1
• Laminar Flow - fluid moves in parallel
layers with no cross-currents; Re <= 2000
• Subcritical
• Critical Flow
• Supercritical Flow
• Laminar Flow
Basic Statistics
 Level of Properties
Measurement
Nominal -purely categorical possible
values
Ordinal -categorical possible values with
inherent ordering of categories

Interval -quantitative values with distinct

distances between values
-arbitrary zero point

Ratio -quantitative values with distinct

distances between values
-fixed zero point
A permutation is an ordered
arrangement of all or part of a given set of
objects.

A combination is a group formed by

taking all or part of a given set of objects
without regard to the order
Aquaculture
Major aquaculture species in the
Philippines
• Seaweed (Kappaphycus and Eucheuma
spp.)
• Milkfish (Chanos chanos)
• Tilapia (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus)
• Shrimp (giant tiger prawn Penaeus
monodon)
• Carp (bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis)
• Oyster (slipper cupped oyster Crassostrea
iredalei)
• Mussel (green mussel Perna viridis)
Major aquaculture species in the
Philippines

• Seaweed
• Milkfish
• Tilapia
• Shrimp
• Carp
• Oyster
• Mussel
Agronomy
Fertilizer Application

1. Broadcast Method - applied

uniformly over the entire area
• Basal or pre-planting - fertilizer is
broadcasted over the entire area
followed by cultivation
• Top-dressing - applied overhead on
already growing seedlings
2. Localized fertilizer - applied on a
specific area near the seed
• Banding fertilizer - applied in bands or
strips
• Row application - the deepest portion
of the furrow where fertilizer should be
applied
• Hole method - this system makes use of
a pointed stake to make several peg
holes
• Side dressing fertilizer - applied between
the rows close to the plants,
simultaneous without cultivation
• Foliar spray fertilizer - applied on the
upper portion of the plant particularly the
leaves
• Tank system - applied is dissolved and
mixed in tank, as irrigation water passes
through the tank
Crop Categories

1.Field crops - herbaceous plants grown in

cultivated fields with extensive system of
culture.
• cereals - yield starchy grains
• seed legumes - yield dry beans
• roots/ tubers -yield enlarged roots/stems
• fibers - yield fibrous stem, fruits
• industrial - includes drug, sugar, and oil -
yielding crops
2. Horticultural crops - garden crops,
grown under systems of intensive culture in
relatively small areas.
• Vegetables - edible succulent plant or
plant part, not sweet fruit except melon,
not dry grain, not ordinarily staple.
leafy - yield succulent leaves
roots/ stems/ bulbs - yield specialized
succulent parts legumes - yield edible fresh
pods
solanaceous - yield edible fresh fruits
cucurbits/ vines - Viny crop. Yielding edible
fresh fruits.
• Tree fruits - plants/trees yielding edible,
fleshy fruits, usually perennials.
• Nuts - trees yielding dry single-seeded
fruits.
• Small Fruits - yielding relatively small
fleshy fruits.
• Plantation Fruits - fruits plant grown in
relatively large areas.
• Plantation Crops - usually perennial crops,
yield products requiring primary
processing before use.
Animal Science
Poultry:
• Caponization - removal of the testicles Cock -
mature male fowl.
• Down feathers - refers to the feathers of the
newly fowl.
• Hen - mature female fowl.
• Incubation - refers to the development of the
birds under optimum or favorable conditions.
• Oviposition - the laying of fully developed eggs
• Poulard - pullet whose ovaries have been
removed.
• Poultry - any domesticated fowl.
Poultry:
• Caponization

• Down feathers

• Hen
• Incubation

• Oviposition
• Poulard

• Poultry
Poultry:
Chicken:
• Baby chicks - newly hatched young chicken 1 to
10 days old.
• Capon - fattening male, the testicles of which
were removed at 2 to 3 months old.
• Cockerel - young male chicken below one year
of age.
• Pullet chicks - already declared females.
• Pullets - female chicken that is almost to lay
eggs
• Rooster (cock) - mature male chicken intended
for breeding.
• Straight run chicks - unclassified baby chicks.
Chicken:
• Baby chicks

• Capon
• Cockerel

• Pullet chicks
• Pullets

• Rooster
• Straight run chicks
Chicken:
Goat:
• Buck or Billy goat - male goat of any age.
• Doe - female goat of any age.
• Kid - young goat of either sex below one year of
age.
• Wether goat – castrated male while young;
male goat unsexed at an early age
• Stag – male goat castrated/ unsexed after the
secondary sexual characteristics have
developed
• Kidding - the act of parturition of goat.
• Chevon - goat's meat
Goat:
• Buck or Billy goat
• Doe
• Kid

• Wether goat

• Stag

• Kidding
• Chevon
Goat:
Carabao:
• Carabao - Philippine term for water buffalo
• Cara-cow - mature female carabao
• Cara-heifer - young female carabao below
three years of age
• Cara-calf - young carabao of either sex
under one year of age
Carabao:

• Carabao
• Cara-cow
• Cara-heifer
• Cara-calf
• Cara-steer - male carabao castrated/
unsexed while young
• Cara-stag – male carabao castrated/
unsexed after the secondary sexual
characteristics have developed
• Cara-beef – carabao meat
• Calving - parturition of carabao
• Cara-steer
• Cara-stag
• Cara-beef
• Calving
Horse:
• Stallion - mature male horse intended for
breeding
• Brood Mare - term used to indicate the use
of the mare for breeding purpose
• Mare - a mature female horse
• Colt - a young male horse
• Filly - a young female horse, usually up to
three years old
• Faol - young horse of either sex below one
year of age
Horse:
• Stallion

• Brood Mare

• Mare
• Colt
• Filly

• Faol
Horse:
• Gelding – male horse castrated/unsexed
while young
• Stag – male horse castrated/ unsexed at an
advanced age
• Stud - a horse breeding establishment
• Stud horse - mature breeding horse
• Gelding
• Stag
• Stud
• Stud horse
Cattle:
• Cattle - animal belonging to the family
Bovidae and genus Bos.
• Bull - male breeding ox of any age'
• Cow - mature female cattle intended for
breeding purposes
• Calf - young ox male or female under one
year of age
Cattle:
• Cattle

• Bull
• Cow

• Calf
• Heifer - is a young female ox under three
years of age that has not given birth yet
• Steer – male cattle castrated/unsexed
while young
• Free Martin - is a sterile female ox born
twin to a male calf.
• Beef - the meat of a mature ox
• Veal - the meat of a calf
• Heifer

• Steer

• Free Martin

• Beef
• Veal
Swine:
• Swine - general term for any class of
animal belonging to the family suidae of
either sex.
• Hog - adult swine at the age of one year
or over
• Pig - young swine below one year
• Boar - a male swine of any age intended
for breeding
• Sow - a mature female swine intended for
breeding, one that has given birth.
Swine:
• Swine

• Hog
• Pig
• Boar

• Sow
• Gilt - a young female swine under one
year of age, one that has not given birth
yet
• Barrow – young male pig
castrated/unsexed at an early age
• Farrow - the act of parturition in swine
• Litter - is the aggregate of pigs in one
birth or farrowing
• Pork - the meat of the swine
• Gilt

• Barrow

• Farrow
• Litter
• Pork
Meat Terms:

• Meat - the carcass or carcass parts

coming from animals sufficiently mature
and healthy.
• Beef - meat from cattle more than a year
old.
• Veal - meat from cattle less than one year
old; meat from calf.
• Carabeef - meat from carabaos more
than one year
• Chevon - meat from goats.
Meat Terms:

• Meat

• Beef

• Veal

• Carabeef
• Chevon
• Pork - meat from swine.
• Mutton - meat from sheep.
• Lamb - meat from young sheep.
• Venison - meat from deers.
• Hot meat - meat from an illegal source.
• Pork
• Mutton
• Lamb
• Venison
• Hot meat
Two general system of breeding

• Outbreeding - system where

unrelated individuals are mated to
produce the next generation
• Pure breeding - the mating of
unrelated individuals in the same
breed.
• Cross breeding - is the mating of
individuals from different breed.
• Close breeding - the breeding of
related individuals is generally
termed as close breeding.
• In-breeding - the mating of related
individuals
• Line-breeding - the breeding of less
related individuals, nephew and aunt,
first cousin
Mammals
• Horse Equus caballus
• Ass/ donkey/ Mule Equus asinus
• Camel Camelus dromedarius
• Cattle (no hump) Bos taurus
(Oriental) Bos indicus
• Buffalo Bubalus bubalis
Mammals
• Horse
• Ass/ donkey/ Mule
• Camel
• Cattle (no hump)
(Oriental)
• Buffalo
Sheep Ovis aries
Goat Capra hircus
Pigs Sus scrofa
Sus domesticus
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus
Guinea pig Purcellus purcellus
domestica
Sheep
Goat
Pigs

Rabbit
Guinea pig
Birds
• Chicken Gallus gallus
• Duck (Mallard)”bibe” Anas platyrhynchos
• (Muscovy)”itik” Cairina moschata
• Goose Anser domesticus
• Turkey Melleagris gallopavo
• Pigeon Columbia livia
• Quail Coturnix coturnix
• Guinea fowl Numida meleagris
Birds
• Chicken
• Duck (Mallard)”bibe”
• (Muscovy)”itik”
• Goose
• Turkey
• Pigeon
• Quail
• Guinea fowl
AREA 3
Farm Electrification
PRIMARY METHODS OF PRODUCING ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

1. Friction between moving objects- electrostatic

charges which are released in the form of
lightning.
2. Pressure (Piezoelectricity)-when subjected to
pressure.
3. Heat (Thermoelectricity)- produced when the
junction of two unlike metals is heated.
4. Chemical action- Batteries and fuel cells rely on
chemical reaction
5. Light (Photoelectricity)- convert radiant energy to
electrical energy.
6. Magnetism- by operating on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
PRIMARY METHODS OF PRODUCING ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

1. Friction between moving objects

2. Pressure
3. Heat
4. Chemical action
5. Light
6. Magnetism
Engineering
Thermodynamics
Two general classes:

• Extensive property – its value for an

overall system is the sum of its values
for the parts into which the system is
divided; varies directly with the mass

• Intensive property – its value is

independent of the size or extent of a
system and may vary from place to
place within the system at any moment
Laws of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth law - when two bodies have equality of

temperature with a third body, they in turn
have equality of temperature with each other.

• First Law – also known as the Conservation of

Energy principle, states that energy can neither
be created not destroyed, it can only change
forms.
Second Law - deals with the quality of energy
(energy degradation).

• Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible to

construct a device that will operate in a cycle
and produce no effect other than the raising of a
weight and the exchange of heat with a single
reservoir.
• Clausius statement: It is impossible to construct
a device that operates in a cycle and produces
no effect other than the transfer of heat from a
cooler-body to a hotter body.
• Third law – states that the entropy of a
perfect crystal is zero at the absolute
zero of temperature.
Engineering
Thermodynamics
• Heat Conduction- by molecular motion
through a body from a region of high
temperature to a region of low
temperature.

• Heat Convection- by means of currents

that are set up within some fluid medium.

• Thermal Radiation- by radiation,

transmitted from one body to another
without the need for intervening matter.
• Heat Conduction

• Heat Convection

• Thermal Radiation
Refrigeration
 Refrigerant

the substance employed as the heat

absorber or cooling agent
• Sensible – the absorbed heat causes an
increase in the temperature of the
refrigerant.
• Latent – the absorbed heat causes a
change in the physical state of the
refrigerant
Some Of The More Common Refrigerants:
• Air – air-cycle refrigeration unit for
aircraft
• Ammonia – the greatest use of ammonia
is in large industrial and low-temperature
installations.
• Carbon dioxide – its high horsepower
requirements and high condensing
pressures have now limited its use
Some Of The More Common Refrigerants:
• Air

• Ammonia

• Carbon dioxide
• Refrigerant 11 – the high value of volume
flow per ton with R11 makes it suitable for
service in centrifugal compressors.
• Refrigerant 12 – this is the most widely used
refrigerant
• Refrigerant 22 – nontoxic and has a low
power requirement per ton
• Refrigerant 11

• Refrigerant 12

• Refrigerant 22
Rice Post Production
Processing
Types of paddy:

• Extremely long – greater than 7.5 mm

• Long –6.5 mm - 7.5 mm
• Medium –5.5 mm - 6.5 mm
• Short –less than 5.5 mm
• Head rice grain – greater than 6/8 of the
length

• Large broken milled grain –3/8 to than

6/8.

• Small brokens – less than 3/8.

• Brewer’s rice –perforation of 1.4 mm

diameter.
Principles of milling and size reduction

• Cleaning – removing foreign materials

• Dehusking and husk separation – removing the
husk
• Paddy separation – separating dehusked paddy
from any remaining paddy grains
• Bran removal – removing all part of the bran
layer
• Grading – separating (or grading) broken from
unbroken rice.
Principles of milling and size reduction

• Cleaning
• Dehusking and husk separation

• Paddy separation

• Bran removal
• Grading
 Types of rice mill commonly available in the
Philippines

• Kiskisan- (low) recovery of 50 to 60% is

obtained.
• Cono-type rice mill –The top disc is fixed in the
frame housing while the bottom disc rotates.
• Centrifugal type – most advanced milling
machine that works on the principle of
centrifugal force and impact.
• Rubber roll – this falls under friction type
machines consisting of two rubber rolls rotating
in opposite directions at different speeds.
 Types of rice mill commonly available in the
Philippines

• Kiskisan-

• Cono-type rice mill –

• Centrifugal type

• Rubber roll
Engineering Laws
• PD 1096- Agricultural Building Code
• RA 3927- 1st Phil. Agricultural Eng’g Code
• RA 6541- National Building Code
• RA 6657- Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
• RA 6969- Toxic Substances, Hazardous
• RA 7156- Mini-Hydroelectric Power
• RA 7160- LGU Code
• RA 7394- Consumer Act
• RA 7722- CHED
• PD 1096
• RA 3927
• RA 6541
• RA 6657
• RA 6969
• RA 7156
• RA 7160
• RA 7394
• RA 7722
• RA 8435- AFMA
• RA 8550- Fisheries Code
• RA 8559- Phil. Agricultural Eng’g Act
• RA 8749- Clean Air Act
• RA 8981- PRC Modernization Act
• RA 9003- Solid Waste Management
• RA 9275- Water Act
• RA 9296- Meat Inspection Code
• RA 9153- Renewable Energy
• RA 8435
• RA 8550
• RA 8559
• RA 8749
• RA 8981
• RA 9003
• RA 9275
• RA 9296
• RA 9153
• RA 10068
• RA 10601
• RA 10912
• RA 10915
1. Part of engine that which slides up
and down the cylinder and
transmits power to the crankshaft.

A. Connecting rod C. Piston

B. Cylinder block D. Spark plug
1. Part of engine that which slides up
and down the cylinder and
transmits power to the crankshaft.

A. Connecting rod C. Piston

B. Cylinder block D. Spark plug
2. A device that meter the fuel and air
and mixes them into harmonious
mixture before the mixture enters the
combustion chamber of an engine.

A. Governor C. Carburetor
B. Air injector D. All of the above
2. A device that meter the fuel and air
and mixes them into harmonious
mixture before the mixture enters the
combustion chamber of an engine.

A. Governor C. Carburetor
B. Air injector D. All of the above
3. At the downward stroke of two-
stroke cycle engine, which of the
events are taking place.

A. Power & intake

B. Compression & exhaust
C. Power & exhaust
D. None of the above
3. At the downward stroke of two-
stroke cycle engine, which of the
events are taking place.

A. Power & intake

B. Compression & exhaust
C. Power & exhaust
D. None of the above
4. Engine having fuel injected into the
combustion chamber near the end of
the combustion stroke and is ignited
by heat of compression only.

A. Gasoline engine
B. Diesel engine
C. Steam engine
D. None of the above
4. Engine having fuel injected into the
combustion chamber near the end of
the combustion stroke and is ignited
by heat of compression only.

A. Gasoline engine
B. Diesel engine
C. Steam engine
D. None of the above
5. A two-wheeled and hand operated
tractor used primarily as a substitute
for draft animals.

A. Power tiller C. Seeder

B. Reaper D. None of the above
5. A two-wheeled and hand operated
tractor used primarily as a substitute
for draft animals.

A. Power tiller C. Seeder

B. Reaper D. None of the above
6. When the gasoline engine knocks,
the problem is

A. The spark timing is too far advance

B. Incorrect type of fuel
C. Incorrect type of spark plug
D. All of the above
6. When the gasoline engine knocks,
the problem is

A. The spark timing is too far advance

B. Incorrect type of fuel
C. Incorrect type of spark plug
D. All of the above
7. Machine element that transmits
torque and power.

A. Pulley C. Shaft
B. Bearing D. None of the above
7. Machine element that transmits
torque and power.

A. Pulley C. Shaft
B. Bearing D. None of the above
8. It is use to fasten the shaft pulleys
and hubs of gears together.

A. Bolt C. Keys
B. Springs D. None of the above
8. It is use to fasten the shaft pulleys
and hubs of gears together.

A. Bolt C. Keys
B. Springs D. None of the above
9. A secondary-tillage implement
which stirs the soil using multiple
number of disk blade arranged on a
gang.

A. Spike tooth harrow

B. Disk harrow
C. Two of the above
D. None of the above
9. A secondary-tillage implement
which stirs the soil using multiple
number of disk blade arranged on a
gang.

A. Spike tooth harrow

B. Disk harrow
C. Two of the above
D. None of the above
10.A type of plow which is equipped
with plow bodies which turns the
furrow slice to one side only.

A. One-way plow
B. Two-way plow
C. Two of the above
D. None of the above
10.A type of plow which is equipped
with plow bodies which turns the
furrow slice to one side only.

A. One-way plow
B. Two-way plow
C. Two of the above
D. None of the above
11. The projection of cash inflow and
outflow of a farm to estimate the
incremental net benefit of the life of
the project is known as:

A. Farm budget C. Farm inventory

B. Farm plan D. Farm contract
11. The projection of cash inflow and
outflow of a farm to estimate the
incremental net benefit of the life of
the project is known as:

A. Farm budget C. Farm inventory

B. Farm plan D. Farm contract
12. It results in the reduction of the
purchasing power of monetary unit.

A. Deflation C. Incision
B. Devaluation D. Inflation
12. It results in the reduction of the
purchasing power of monetary unit.

A. Deflation C. Incision
B. Devaluation D. Inflation
13. Clearly assigning tasks, training,
and supervising labor are among the
rules for ____________.

A. Labor Management
B. Hiring
C. Human Resources
D. Applying
13. Clearly assigning tasks, training,
and supervising labor are among the
rules for ____________.

A. Labor Management
B. Hiring
C. Human Resources
D. Applying
14. This includes any goods employed
in production other than land, labor,
buildings and fences.

A. Infrastructures C. Capital
B. Property D. Currency
14. This includes any goods employed
in production other than land, labor,
buildings and fences.

A. Infrastructures C. Capital
B. Property D. Currency
15. It is a complete list of all physical
assets at a specific point in time. This
list indicates the value of each item of
property and the amount of farm
liabilities.

A. Market list C. Farm potential

B. Farm capital D. Farm inventory
15. It is a complete list of all physical
assets at a specific point in time. This
list indicates the value of each item of
property and the amount of farm
liabilities.

A. Market list C. Farm potential

B. Farm capital D. Farm inventory
16. For occupational settings,
_____________ is (more specifically) a
measure of the acceptability of risk.

A. Potential C. Clarity
B. Freedom D. Safety
16. For occupational settings,
_____________ is (more specifically) a
measure of the acceptability of risk.

A. Potential C. Clarity
B. Freedom D. Safety
17. Tools that are used to make holes
or change the shape or size of holes
are called

A. Layout tools C. Cutting tools

B. Boring tools D. Driving tools
17. Tools that are used to make holes
or change the shape or size of holes
are called

A. Layout tools C. Cutting tools

B. Boring tools D. Driving tools
18. Obtained from OXOGENS, it is the
most common shop material.

A. Silicon C. Galvanized iron

B. Steel D. Wood
18. Obtained from OXOGENS, it is the
most common shop material.

A. Silicon C. Galvanized iron

B. Steel D. Wood
19. Materials used to securely join
separate parts of an object or
structure are called

A. Binders C. Holders
B. Fasteners D. Clippers
19. Materials used to securely join
separate parts of an object or
structure are called

A. Binders C. Holders
B. Fasteners D. Clippers
20. A hand tool that permits the
creation of threads on rods and shafts.

A. Taps and die

B. Lathe machine
C. Tap wrench and tap
D. Die and die stock
20. A hand tool that permits the
creation of threads on rods and shafts.

A. Taps and die

B. Lathe machine
C. Tap wrench and tap
D. Die and die stock
21. The type of erosion that takes
place in small channels which cannot
be obliterated by tillage operations is
called

A. Sheet C. Interrill
B. Rill D. Gully
21. The type of erosion that takes
place in small channels which cannot
be obliterated by tillage operations is
called

A. Sheet C. Interrill
B. Rill D. Gully
22. This refers to wants for specific
satisfiers backed up by an ability and
willingness to buy them.

A. Need C. Demand
B. Want D. Value
22. This refers to wants for specific
satisfiers backed up by an ability and
willingness to buy them.

A. Need C. Demand
B. Want D. Value
23. Which of the following is not a major
aquaculture species in the Philippines?

A. Carp C. Salmon
B. Seaweeds D. Tiger prawn
23. Which of the following is not a major
aquaculture species in the Philippines?

A. Carp C. Salmon
B. Seaweeds D. Tiger prawn
24. Water like in estuarine areas with
intermediate salinity due to the mixing
of fresh and sea water is referred to
as:

A. Freshwater C. Brackishwater
B. Seawater D. Marine water
24. Water like in estuarine areas with
intermediate salinity due to the mixing
of fresh and sea water is referred to
as:

A. Freshwater C. Brackishwater
B. Seawater D. Marine water
25. This is an indispensable
component of a firm to continuously
satisfy customers. It comes from
having excess of sales over cost and
expenses

A. Sales C. Revenues
B. Profit D. Market share
25. This is an indispensable
component of a firm to continuously
satisfy customers. It comes from
having excess of sales over cost and
expenses

A. Sales C. Revenues
B. Profit D. Market share
26. The most appropriate measure of
central tendency is ________.

A. Maximum C. Median
B. Mean D. Mode
26. The most appropriate measure of
central tendency is ________.

A. Maximum C. Median
B. Mean D. Mode
27. It is the environmentally and
genetically determined observable
appearance of an organism; the
expression of genes which can be
measured by our senses. What we see
in an animal for some trait.

A. Genotype C. Generation
B. Phenotype D. Pedigree
27. It is the environmentally and
genetically determined observable
appearance of an organism; the
expression of genes which can be
measured by our senses. What we see
in an animal for some trait.

A. Genotype C. Generation
B. Phenotype D. Pedigree
28. Period during which the
reproductive organs first become
functional

A. Heredity C. Adulthood
B. Puberty D. Maturity
28. Period during which the
reproductive organs first become
functional

A. Heredity C. Adulthood
B. Puberty D. Maturity
29. The carcass or carcass parts
coming from animals sufficiently
mature and healthy.

A. Filly C. Chevon
B. Colt D. Meat
29. The carcass or carcass parts
coming from animals sufficiently
mature and healthy.

A. Filly C. Chevon
B. Colt D. Meat
30. Meat that is derived from cattle
that is less than one year old, or meat
from calf.

A. Hot Meat C. Veal

B. Venison D. Mutton
30. Meat that is derived from cattle
that is less than one year old, or meat
from calf.

A. Hot Meat C. Veal

B. Venison D. Mutton
31. The period from conception to
birth of the young.

A. Mastication C. Fecundation
B. Lactation D. Gestation
31. The period from conception to
birth of the young.

A. Mastication C. Fecundation
B. Lactation D. Gestation
32. Impregnation or fertilization

A. Mastication C. Fecundation
B. Lactation D. Gestation
32. Impregnation or fertilization

A. Mastication C. Fecundation
B. Lactation D. Gestation
33. The term that pertains to the end
product of decomposition

A. Slime C. Humus
B. Sludge D. Organic Matter
33. The term that pertains to the end
product of decomposition

A. Slime C. Humus
B. Sludge D. Organic Matter
34. Water which has been absorbed
from an atmosphere of water vapor as
a result of attractive forces in the
surface of the particles.

A. Groundwater
B. Hygroscopic Water
C. Capillary Water
D. Gravitational Water
34. Water which has been absorbed
from an atmosphere of water vapor as
a result of attractive forces in the
surface of the particles.

A. Groundwater
B. Hygroscopic Water
C. Capillary Water
D. Gravitational Water
35. Water held by the surface tension
forces as a continuous film around the
particles and in the capillary spaces

A. Groundwater
B. Hygroscopic Water
C. Capillary Water
D. Gravitational Water
35. Water held by the surface tension
forces as a continuous film around the
particles and in the capillary spaces

A. Groundwater
B. Hygroscopic Water
C. Capillary Water
D. Gravitational Water
36. Water that is not held by soil but
drains under the influence of gravity.

A. Groundwater
B. Hygroscopic Water
C. Capillary Water
D. Gravitational Water
36. Water that is not held by soil but
drains under the influence of gravity.

A. Groundwater
B. Hygroscopic Water
C. Capillary Water
D. Gravitational Water
37. It pertains to the starchy interior of
a grain.

A. Endosperm C. Epicotyls
B. Endocarp D. Ecotype
37. It pertains to the starchy interior of
a grain.

A. Endosperm C. Epicotyls
B. Endocarp D. Ecotype
38. A pond bottom slope of 2000:1 is
equivalent to:

A. 0.05 % Slope C. 1.0 % Slope

B. 0.5 % Slope D. 5 % Slope
38. A pond bottom slope of 2000:1 is
equivalent to:

A. 0.05 % Slope C. 1.0 % Slope

B. 0.5 % Slope D. 5 % Slope
39. This is provided in a pipe drain to
prevent seepage:

A. Core trench C. Collar

B. Freeboard D. Frame
39. This is provided in a pipe drain to
prevent seepage:

A. Core trench C. Collar

B. Freeboard D. Frame
40. These two culture systems in open
water are considered as enclosure
culture systems:

A. Raceways and ponds

B. Pens and cages
C. Ponds and cages
D. Raceways and pens
40. These two culture systems in open
water are considered as enclosure
culture systems:

A. Raceways and ponds

B. Pens and cages
C. Ponds and cages
D. Raceways and pens
41. This refers to a type of rice milling
output consisting of milled rice with
small sizes that is not usually eaten by
human but commonly used as feed for
animals.

A. Whole rice C. Broken rice

B. Brown rice D. Brewer’s rice
41. This refers to a type of rice milling
output consisting of milled rice with
small sizes that is not usually eaten by
human but commonly used as feed for
animals.

A. Whole rice C. Broken rice

B. Brown rice D. Brewer’s rice
42. What do you call the heat supplied
that raises the temperature of
agricultural products being dried?

A. Sensible heat C. Ambient heat

B. Latent heat D. Heat transfer
42. What do you call the heat supplied
that raises the temperature of
agricultural products being dried?

A. Sensible heat C. Ambient heat

B. Latent heat D. Heat transfer
43. It is the hulling mechanism of
modern rice mills to minimize the
quantity of broken rice and
improve the milling recovery.

A. Steel huller
B. Stone burr mill
C. Rubber coated roller
D. None of the above
43. It is the hulling mechanism of
modern rice mills to minimize the
quantity of broken rice and
improve the milling recovery.

A. Steel huller
B. Stone burr mill
C. Rubber coated roller
D. None of the above
44. This refers to the temperature
recorded by an ordinary
thermometer.

A. Dew point temperature

B. Wet bulb temperature
C. Dry bulb temperature
D. Freezing temperature
44. This refers to the temperature
recorded by an ordinary
thermometer.

A. Dew point temperature

B. Wet bulb temperature
C. Dry bulb temperature
D. Freezing temperature
45. It is a rice mill that employs a
series of two or more whitening
processes

A. Kiskisan
B. Multi-pass rice mill
C. Single pass rice mill
D. Rubber roll mill
45. It is a rice mill that employs a
series of two or more whitening
processes

A. Kiskisan
B. Multi-pass rice mill
C. Single pass rice mill
D. Rubber roll mill
46. What is the value of the work
done for a closed, reversible,
isometric system?

A. Zero C. Negative
B. Positive D. Cannot Be Determined
46. What is the value of the work
done for a closed, reversible,
isometric system?

A. Zero C. Negative
B. Positive D. Cannot Be Determined
47. The blending of ingredients or
materials in agricultural
processing operation.

A. Sorting C. Mixing
B. Molding D. All of the above
47. The blending of ingredients or
materials in agricultural
processing operation.

A. Sorting C. Mixing
B. Molding D. All of the above
48. It is the cooling coil of a
refrigeration system

A. Condenser C. Compressor
B. Evaporator D. None of the above
48. It is the cooling coil of a
refrigeration system

A. Condenser C. Compressor
B. Evaporator D. None of the above
49. It is the basic part of a
refrigeration system which is
characterized by a high pressure
side.

A. Condenser C. Expansion valve

B. Evaporator D. All of the above
49. It is the basic part of a
refrigeration system which is
characterized by a high pressure
side.

A. Condenser C. Expansion valve

B. Evaporator D. All of the above
50. It is a part of a refrigeration
system that cause the circulation
of a refrigerant.

A. Condenser
B. Expansion valve
C. Compressor
D. None of the above
50. It is a part of a refrigeration
system that cause the circulation
of a refrigerant.

A. Condenser
B. Expansion valve
C. Compressor
D. None of the above
51. It is the part of a refrigeration
system that causes the reproduction
of pressure of the refrigerant.

A. Evaporator C. Expansion valve

B. Compressor D. All of the above
51. It is the part of a refrigeration
system that causes the reproduction
of pressure of the refrigerant.

A. Evaporator C. Expansion valve

B. Compressor D. All of the above
52. Commonly used refrigerant in ice
plants.

A. Ammonia C. Methyl chloride

B. Carbon dioxide D. One of the above
52. Commonly used refrigerant in ice
plants.

A. Ammonia C. Methyl chloride

B. Carbon dioxide D. One of the above
53. It is the amount of heat
transferred per unit temperature
per unit length.

A. Emissivity
B. Thermal conductivity
C. Heat transfer coefficient
D. None of the above
53. It is the amount of heat
transferred per unit temperature
per unit length.

A. Emissivity
B. Thermal conductivity
C. Heat transfer coefficient
D. None of the above
54. Heat transfer coefficient is lower
for __________

A. Liquids C. Boiling water

B. Gases D. None of the above
54. Heat transfer coefficient is lower
for __________

A. Liquids C. Boiling water

B. Gases D. None of the above
55. It is the passage of from the
outside of a leaky room cause by
cracks in windows, doors, and
other possible sources.

A. Heat loss C. Air gap

B. Air infiltration D. None of the above
55. It is the passage of from the
outside of a leaky room cause by
cracks in windows, doors, and
other possible sources.

A. Heat loss C. Air gap

B. Air infiltration D. None of the above
56. Although it is a non-homogenous
natural product requiring
judgement and critical appraisal, it
continues to the primary
structural materials for farm
building.

A. Concrete C. Masonry
B. Wood D. Metals
56. Although it is a non-homogenous
natural product requiring
judgement and critical appraisal, it
continues to the primary
structural materials for farm
building.

A. Concrete C. Masonry
B. Wood D. Metals
57. Dwelling place for workers in the
farm.

A. Farmstead C. Granaries
B. Farm house D. None of the above
57. Dwelling place for workers in the
farm.

A. Farmstead C. Granaries
B. Farm house D. None of the above
58. What is the main cause of
structural failure in posts?

A. Bending C. Buckling
B. Shearing D. Tension
58. What is the main cause of
structural failure in posts?

A. Bending C. Buckling
B. Shearing D. Tension
59. The ability of soils and rocks to
carry loads from structural
footings without causing tipping in
the structure.

A. Bearing capacity C. Plasticity

B. Elasticity D. Resistivity
59. The ability of soils and rocks to
carry loads from structural
footings without causing tipping in
the structure.

A. Bearing capacity C. Plasticity

B. Elasticity D. Resistivity
60. It is a building used for the storage
of paddy rice either in bulk or in
bags.

A. Silo C. Tank
B. Warehouse D. Barn
60. It is a building used for the storage
of paddy rice either in bulk or in
bags.

A. Silo C. Tank
B. Warehouse D. Barn
GOD is GOOD
…GREAT
…ALMIGHTY