“LOGIC”

LOGIC: IT’S PHILOSOPHIC BACKGROUND

ETYMOLOGY:
From two Greek words:
Philo (Philia-love)
Sophia (wisdom) “love of wisdom”
MEANING:
“Philosophy is a search for meaning”
Search “a looking into”
“a finding of something”

Meaning “importance, significance, value, relevance”

these are good synonyms for meaning

PYTHAGORAS
-coined the word “philosopher”
3 groups:
 those that love pleasure
 those that love activity
 Those that love wisdom
PHILOSOPHICAL SEARCH IS MORE OF A
QUEST:
(1) it is that which is of value to the subject;
(2) I is that which consumes the whole person- his attention,
concentration, and interest; and
(3) it is that which is continued without let-up until the
answer is found or the convention is reached that for the
moment at least this is the best possible, though still
imperfect, answer
Gabriel Marcel
French Philosopher
“man is homo viator”
a traveler in life
SUBJECTS:
Logic- the science and art of correct thinking

Ethics- which treats of the morality of human acts, the reflection on

creative responsibility

Epistemology- the theory of knowledge, the goal of which is the

truth

Ontology or metaphysics- the philosophy of being. This is the

foundation subject of all philosophy
SUBJECTS:
Cosmology- the study of inanimate beings such as the
universe

Aesthetics- the study of the beautiful

Rational or Philosophical Psychology- the study of the life

principle of living things, specifically that of man

Theodicy- the philosophical study of God.

LOGIC: WHAT IT IS?
“LOGIC”
Pablo Casals
“people say I play as easily as a bird sings. If
they only knew how much effort this bird has
put into his songs”

Greatest cellist for the past eight decades

LOGIC, AS A PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCE, HAS ITS
OWN REWARDS NAMELY:
1. it guides man in his search for truth
2. it develops and perfects his reasoning power
3. it assures better relationship among men
4. it is very helpful in the study of other philosophy
subjects
DEFINITION OF LOGIC
Logic is derived from the word logos

(which means study, reason or discourse)

-it is actually the science and art of correct
thinking
LOGIC AS A SCIENCE
-it is a systematized body of some aspect of
logical truths and principles governing correct
thinking
LOGIC AS AN ART
-As an art, logic is a “techne” and teaches its students how to make
a good argument. It is often called the art of arts because it
develops and perfects the intellect which all artists need in their
work

-logic is the science and art of reasoning well. Logic is a science

seeks to discover rules of reasoning; logic as an art seeks to apply
those rules to rational discourse.
LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING
Thinking is a mental process.

Two criteria for mental process to be considered

thinking:
1. when the objective id the truth
2. when the truth we already have is the nucleus of further
knowledge
THE USES OF LANGUAGE
THE USES OF LANGUAGE
Language- is used to reason, to express ideas,
argue a point, provide directions, and much more.
We may use it in many different ways and for many
different purposes.
THREE FUNDAMENTAL USES OF LANGUAGE
(LISTED BY IRVING M. COPI)

1. Informative
2. Expressive
3. Directive
1. INFORMATIVE
What we express, when using language informatively,
can be judged true or false. We may not know which it is,
but we know it is one or the other.

This is the most common function, attested to by books

and all other books on history, literature, philosophy,
science, etc.
 2. EXPRESSIVE
The expressive use of language is best characterized by
its lack of other directedness. We can express our joy,
sadness, or pan privately or publicly

This function is best illustrated in poetry where emotions

and attitudes are expressed beautifully.
3. DIRECTIVE
This function of language is mostly easily seen in
commands and requests. It is that which prods or prevent
an action to be done.
CONCEPTS AND TERMS
CONCEPTS AND TERMS
Terms expressive of ideas or thoughts
terms propositions syllogism

Concept representation of an object by the

intellect through which man understands or
comprehends a thing
KINDS OF CONCEPT
1. First intention- concept by which are understand what a thing is according to what
is in reality, independent of our thinking about it
Second intention- a concept by which we understand not only what a thing is in
reality but how it is in the mind

2. Concrete Concepts- expresses a “form” and a “subject”

Abstract Concepts- concepts which has form only, has intangible quality that which
cannot be perceived by the senses
KINDS OF CONCEPT
3. Absolute concepts- signifies the meaning of a concept, all definition are absolute
concepts
Connotative concepts- signifies a characteristics existing in the concept, all
modifiers are connotative concepts

4. Positive concepts- signifies the existence or possession of something

Negative concepts- signifies the absence of something
THE TERM
THE TERM
Term- is an external representation of a
concept and ultimate structural element of
proposition
PRIMARY KINDS OF TERM:
Intention, abstract and concrete
Absolute and connotative
Positive and negative
Singular, Particular and Universal
Term maybe either subject or predicate of a proposition:
Simple
Complex

Term may also be:

Significant
Non-significant

Comprehension of a term
Extension of a term